Islamic art emerged in the seventh century AD within a simple desert environment; however, it rapidly evolved and expanded with the spread of the Islamic state into regions rich in ancient civilizations, such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, Persia, and Al-Andalus. This cultural interaction resulted in an interior architectural tradition characterized by unity within diversity. Islamic interior design was not merely an imitation of earlier styles; rather, Muslim artists reinterpreted architectural and decorative elements according to a distinctive religious and aesthetic vision. The concept of monotheism in Islam was reflected in interior spaces through abstraction, symmetry, repetition, and the comprehensive use of ornamentation. Muslim artists avoided direct imitation of nature and instead relied on geometric patterns, vegetal motifs, and Arabic calligraphy, transforming walls, ceilings, and floors into a continuous visual composition. Interior space was no longer silent or neutral; it became a dynamic dialogue between humans and their surroundings, embodying both spiritual and aesthetic values. Domes emerged as powerful symbols of spiritual elevation and transcendence, while arches played an essential structural and visual role in transitioning between different spaces. Muqarnas represented one of the most significant aesthetic and engineering innovations, linking architectural levels through complex yet harmonious forms. The mihrab served as the spiritual core of the interior space, defining the direction of prayer and reinforcing the religious identity of the place. Islamic interior design was not limited to mosques; it extended to palaces and residential buildings, where inner courtyards, gardens, and fountains became integral elements. These components created balanced spatial systems that combined water, vegetation, and shade, reflecting the Islamic vision of paradise while also providing effective environmental solutions. Consequently, Islamic interior space evolved into a comprehensive spiritual and aesthetic experience, integrating belief, environment, craftsmanship, and intellectual thought, and standing as one of the most complete interior design systems in the history of human civilizations. Almustaqbal University, The First University in Iraq.
  الهدف الرابع (التعليم الجيد)