With the rapid expansion of digital device usage, prolonged exposure to screen light has become an essential part of modern life. Scientific concerns have emerged regarding its potential effects on retinal microstructure and visual performance. Studies indicate that blue light emitted from screens can induce oxidative stress in retinal cells and the retinal pigment epithelium, potentially leading to long-term functional changes in vision. Excessive exposure also affects visual comfort, contributes to digital eye strain syndrome, and may disrupt circadian rhythms and sleep. Introduction Digital devices such as smartphones, tablets, and computers emit high-energy visible (HEV) blue light. Average daily screen time has increased significantly, especially among young adults and students. While these technologies enhance productivity and communication, excessive use leads to digital eye strain, temporary visual disturbances, and may have long-term effects on retinal health. Blue Light and Retinal Microstructure Blue light (wavelength 400–490 nm) penetrates deeply into the eye and reaches the retina. Laboratory studies show that prolonged exposure can cause oxidative stress in photoreceptor cells and the retinal pigment epithelium, potentially resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and gradual cellular damage. Although normal environmental exposure is generally safe, chronic artificial exposure may increase cumulative retinal stress. Impact on Visual Performance Digital eye strain (Computer Vision Syndrome) is characterized by symptoms such as dryness, blurred vision, headaches, and reduced contrast sensitivity. Prolonged focus on screens reduces blink rate, causing tear film instability and dry eye symptoms. Continuous screen use may also affect accommodation and vergence efficiency, temporarily reducing visual performance. Circadian Rhythm and Sleep Disturbance Blue light exposure in the evening suppresses melatonin secretion, disrupting circadian rhythms and sleep quality. Inadequate sleep indirectly affects visual comfort, ocular surface health, and cognitive performance. Preventive Strategies Preventive measures to mitigate blue light effects and digital eye strain include: • Following the 20-20-20 rule (every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds) • Adjusting screen brightness and contrast according to ambient lighting • Using blue light filters when necessary • Maintaining an appropriate viewing distance (40–70 cm) • Ensuring adequate ambient lighting • Regular comprehensive eye exams to maintain retinal health Conclusion Although there is no conclusive evidence of permanent retinal damage from normal screen use, cumulative exposure to blue light and prolonged digital activity may contribute to visual fatigue and temporary functional disturbances. Awareness, moderation, and preventive strategies are essential for preserving eye health in the digital era. University of Al-Mustaqbal – The First and Leading Private University