**Translation: Contemporary Forms of Marriage in Islamic Jurisprudence** <br /><br />Marriage has taken various forms over time, each carrying its own **Islamic legal ruling** as determined by Muslim scholars. Some of these forms are newly emerging in modern life. Below is a **concise summary** of some of the most **common and widespread contemporary marriage practices:** <br /><br />1. **Marriage with the Intention of Divorce:** This is a valid contract according to the majority of scholars **as long as the husband does not disclose his intention to divorce.** However, scholars like **Ibn Uthaymeen and Al-Albani** prohibited it, considering it a form of **temporary marriage (Nikah al-Mut‘ah).** Others deemed it permissible. <br /><br />2. **Misyar Marriage:** In this form, the wife **waives her rights** to accommodation, financial support, or regular conjugal visits. The husband visits her occasionally. It is also known as **daytime marriage, nighttime marriage, secret marriage, or Thursday marriage.** Scholars such as **Ibn Baz, Ibn Jibreen, and Yusuf Al-Mutlaq** permitted it, while others, like **Dr. Wahba Al-Zuhayli and Yusuf Al-Qaradawi,** deemed it permissible but discouraged. **Al-Albani and Muhammad Al-Zuhayli prohibited it.** Among **Shiite Imami scholars, it is considered a valid permanent marriage.** <br /><br />3. **Urfi Marriage (Customary Marriage):** A contract that meets all **Islamic requirements** but is **not officially registered.** It has different forms: <br /> - If it is documented with a written contract **and fulfills all Islamic conditions,** it is valid by consensus. <br /> - If it is conducted **without witnesses,** its validity is disputed. <br /> - If it is for a **fixed period,** it is **invalid** according to the majority of scholars but **valid** in **Shiite Imami jurisprudence.** <br /><br />4. **Secret Marriage:** This also has two forms: <br /> - If it fulfills **all conditions** but is **kept secret** from family and society, its ruling varies. <br /> - If it is conducted **without a guardian or witnesses,** it is invalid. <br /><br />5. **Friend Marriage (Zawaj al-Foriend) or Facilitated Marriage:** This was **permitted by Al-Zindani** based on Islamic jurisprudence principles of **ease and facilitation.** It is common in **Western countries** where young Muslims may find it difficult to afford housing and dowries. It is **controversial**, with scholars like **Fared Wasel and Tantawi** opposing it. <br /><br />6. **Tourist/Temporary/Travel Marriage:** Conducted **during vacations** or travel and **terminates upon the end of the trip.** According to **the majority of scholars,** it resembles **Nikah al-Mut‘ah** and is therefore **prohibited.** However, **Shiite Imami scholars** consider it valid. <br /><br />7. **Alternative Marriage:** A type of **customary marriage** in which the couple enjoys the benefits of marriage **without living together** or having children. <br /><br />8. **Civil Marriage:** Conducted under **state laws** without religious approval. It is **not recognized by Islamic scholars** and is considered **invalid among both Sunni and Shiite scholars.** <br /><br />9. **Tattoo Marriage:** The couple **gets matching tattoos** to symbolize their union. This is **invalid** by **consensus** among both Sunni and Shiite scholars. <br /><br />10. **Cassette Marriage:** The couple records their marriage contract on an **audio cassette** as proof. **Invalid** according to the **majority of scholars**, but **Shiite scholars** accept it if the **verbal contract** meets legal conditions. <br /><br />11. **Stamp Marriage:** The couple places **matching stamps** on each other's bodies to signify their union. This is **forbidden by consensus.** <br /><br />12. **White Marriage (Marriage of Papers):** One spouse marries a **European citizen** for immigration purposes, **often divorcing after obtaining residency.** It is usually a **fake marriage in exchange for money** and is **invalid according to all Islamic scholars.** <br /><br />13. **Marriage by Gift (Zawaj al-Hiba):** A woman offers herself in marriage without **a dowry or traditional contract.** This was **permissible only for the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)** but is **prohibited among scholars, except Shafi‘i scholars, who allowed it.** <br /><br />14. **Blood Marriage:** The couple **mixes their blood** by cutting themselves and touching their wounds together. **Invalid by consensus.** <br /><br />15. **Correspondence Marriage:** The **marriage contract is exchanged via written letters.** It is **permissible among Sunni scholars** but **invalid among Shiites,** as the contract must be verbal. <br /><br />16. **Weekend Marriage (One-Day Marriage):** The couple meets **only on weekends.** Some scholars equate it with **Nikah al-Mut‘ah**, while others liken it to **Friend Marriage (Zawaj al-Foriend).** <br /><br />17. **Marriage of Convenience:** A marriage entered **for financial or legal benefits.** Some forms of this marriage are **valid** if all conditions are met, while others, such as **marrying solely for immigration papers or financial gain,** are considered **invalid or highly discouraged.** <br /><br />18. **Forced or Coerced Marriage:** If a woman is forced into marriage, it is **invalid among Shiite scholars and Sunni scholars (if she is not a virgin).** However, **some Sunni scholars** allow a guardian to **arrange marriage for a minor.** <br /><br />19. **Photographic Marriage:** A person selects a spouse by **seeing their photo** in a **magazine or on social media.** If the contract follows Islamic guidelines, it is **valid.** However, **if no contract occurs, it is invalid.** <br /><br />20. **Marriage by Phone or Takeaway Marriage:** Conducted **via telephone.** Some scholars prohibit it due to **risks of fraud,** while **Shiite scholars allow it if the couple knows each other.** <br /><br />21. **Internet Marriage:** Has different forms: <br /> - If conducted **via online chat only**, it is **invalid.** <br /> - If **a marriage agency arranges meetings**, it is **permissible.** <br /> - If **the entire contract is done online**, it is **forbidden.** <br /><br />22. **Minimalist Marriage:** A **low-cost** marriage with minimal expenses. **Valid if all conditions are met.** <br /><br />