Introduction The textile industry is one of the oldest and most important industries, in which color plays a vital role in determining the aesthetic and commercial value of textile products. Color chemistry is a fundamental scientific field that focuses on the study of dyes and pigments, their chemical structures, and their interactions with textile fibers. Advances in color chemistry have contributed significantly to improving fabric quality, color durability, and environmental sustainability in textile manufacturing. Concept of Color Chemistry in Textiles Color chemistry deals with the chemical principles governing the appearance of color in materials. In textiles, color results from the absorption of specific wavelengths of visible light by dyes, while other wavelengths are reflected. The success of dyeing processes depends on the chemical or physical interaction between the dye molecules and textile fibers, whether natural fibers such as cotton, wool, and silk, or synthetic fibers such as polyester and nylon. Types of Dyes Used in the Textile Industry Textile dyes are classified according to their application method and fiber type, including: Direct dyes: Commonly used for cotton fibers and characterized by ease of application. Reactive dyes: Form covalent bonds with fibers, providing excellent color fastness. Acid dyes: Mainly used for wool, silk, and nylon fibers. Vat dyes: Known for their high resistance to washing and light. Disperse dyes: Primarily used for synthetic fibers such as polyester. Mechanism of Color Fixation on Fibers Color fixation depends on the type of chemical bonding between the dye and the fiber, such as covalent, ionic, or van der Waals interactions. Several factors influence fixation efficiency, including temperature, pH value, dyeing time, and the use of auxiliary chemicals. A thorough understanding of these chemical interactions helps improve color fastness and minimize color loss during washing or light exposure. Importance of Color Chemistry in Improving Fabric Quality Color chemistry plays a crucial role in enhancing both the functional and aesthetic properties of textiles by: Improving color fastness to washing, rubbing, and light. Achieving uniform and defect-free coloration. Reducing dye and chemical consumption. Producing a wide range of bright and stable colors that meet market demands. Environmental Aspects of Color Chemistry in Textiles With the growing emphasis on sustainability, color chemistry has contributed to the development of eco-friendly dyes and dyeing techniques that reduce water pollution. Recent advances include the use of low-toxicity dyes, improved wastewater treatment processes, and innovative methods such as enzyme-assisted dyeing and natural dyes. Conclusion Color chemistry is a cornerstone of modern textile industries, integrating scientific principles with practical applications to enhance fabric quality and sustainability. Continuous advancements in this field support the development of high-quality textile products while reducing environmental impact, making color chemistry an essential component of the future of textile manufacturing. Al-Mustaqbal University is ranked first among Iraqi private universities.