Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood-forming tissues, particularly the bone marrow and the lymphatic system. It occurs as a result of abnormal production of white blood cells, which multiply rapidly and uncontrollably. These abnormal cells interfere with the body’s ability to fight infection and to produce healthy blood cells. How Does the Disease Develop? Under normal conditions, the bone marrow produces: Red blood cells to carry oxygen White blood cells to fight infections Platelets to help stop bleeding In leukemia, the bone marrow produces immature or abnormal white blood cells. These cells accumulate in the blood and crowd out healthy cells, leading to various symptoms. Types of Leukemia Leukemia is classified based on how quickly it progresses and the type of cells affected: Acute leukemia – Develops rapidly and requires immediate treatment. Chronic leukemia – Progresses slowly and may not cause noticeable symptoms at first. Lymphocytic leukemia – Affects lymphoid cells. Myeloid leukemia – Affects myeloid (bone marrow–forming) cells. Common Symptoms Persistent fatigue and weakness Pale skin Frequent bleeding or easy bruising Recurrent infections Fever Swollen lymph nodes Bone pain Causes and Risk Factors In many cases, the exact cause is unknown. However, certain factors may increase the risk, including: Exposure to radiation Certain chemicals Genetic disorders Weakened immune system Diagnosis Leukemia is diagnosed through: Complete blood count (CBC) Bone marrow examination Genetic and immunological tests Treatment Treatment depends on the type and stage of leukemia and may include: Chemotherapy Radiation therapy Targeted therapy Bone marrow transplantation University of Al-Mustaqbal – The First and Leading Private University