Diabetes Mellitus is considered one of the most widespread chronic diseases in the world. It occurs as a result of a defect in the secretion of insulin from the pancreas or a reduced response of the body’s cells to it, leading to elevated levels of glucose in the blood. Insulin is the hormone responsible for allowing sugar to enter cells to be used as a source of energy. Types. It often appears during childhood or adolescence, and patients require lifelong insulin injections. • Type 2 Diabetes: The most common type, resulting from the body’s resistance to insulin along with a relative deficiency in its secretion. It is often associated with obesity, lack of physical activity, and genetic factors. • Gestational Diabetes: Appears during pregnancy due to hormonal changes that affect insulin function. It usually disappears after childbirth but increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life. Symptoms Common symptoms include frequent urination, excessive thirst, recurrent hunger, fatigue and exhaustion, unexplained weight loss (especially in Type 1), blurred vision, and slow healing of wounds or frequent infections. Complications If blood sugar levels are not well controlled, it may lead to serious complications such as: • Cardiovascular diseases • Kidney damage, which may progress to kidney failure • Neuropathy causing numbness or pain in the extremities • Retinopathy that may lead to vision impairment or blindness • Diabetic foot problems due to poor circulation and reduced sensation Diagnosis Diabetes is diagnosed through blood tests such as fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), which reflects the average blood sugar level over the past three months. Treatment Treatment depends on the type of diabetes and the patient’s condition and includes: • Following a healthy diet and avoiding simple sugars and saturated fats • Regular physical activity to improve insulin sensitivity • Glucose-lowering medications such as metformin for Type 2 diabetes • Insulin injections for Type 1 diabetes and some advanced cases of Type 2 Prevention and Lifestyle The risk of developing Type 2 diabetes can be reduced by maintaining a healthy weight, following a balanced diet rich in vegetables and fiber, reducing sugar intake, and engaging in regular physical activity. Regular check-ups are also recommended, especially for individuals with a family history of the disease. Conclusion Diabetes is a chronic condition that requires continuous monitoring and commitment to treatment and a healthy lifestyle. With proper medical awareness and adherence to guidelines, patients can live a normal life and avoid serious complications. Al-Mustaqbal University The First University in Iraq.