Algorithmic bias poses a major challenge in the age of artificial intelligence, as it can lead to unfair decisions that directly affect individuals’ rights, such as discrimination in hiring, loan approvals, or even in surveillance and facial recognition systems. These biases are not merely technical errors; they constitute human rights violations because they undermine the principle of equality and erode public trust in modern technology. Therefore, it has become essential to establish legal and ethical frameworks that mitigate these risks and ensure that innovation serves humanity rather than working against it. The European Union has been a pioneer in this field through the “European AI Act” (AI Act), which classifies systems according to their level of risk, thereby prohibiting practices of unacceptable risk such as mass surveillance or psychological manipulation, and imposing strict rules on high-risk systems such as those used in the justice system or employment. In contrast, the Iraqi Constitution clearly stipulates the principle of equality and non-discrimination among citizens, and emphasizes the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms. This means that any use of artificial intelligence in Iraq must align with these constitutional principles, such that algorithms are not permitted to produce decisions that violate justice or discriminate against individuals on the basis of gender, religion, or ethnicity. Waleed Khalid Abd Al-Kadhim Al-Ghanimi College of Law – Al-Mustaqbal University
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