Water is one of the most important strategic resources in Iraq, which relies on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. With pressures arising from water projects in neighboring countries and climate change, there is a need to develop comprehensive legislation to protect water resources. The 2005 Iraqi Constitution stipulates that water management falls under the jurisdiction of the federal government, with the requirement to establish policies for water resource planning. The Water Resources Management Law No. (50) of 2008 serves as the foundation for regulating the sector, prioritizing drinking water and domestic uses, regulating permits, and protecting rivers and waterways from pollution. Furthermore, the Environmental Protection and Improvement Law No. (27) of 2009 mandates the treatment of wastewater prior to discharge, and the amended Public Health Law No. (89) of 1981 defines the responsibilities of the authorities tasked with monitoring water quality. In the Kurdistan Region, Law No. (2) of 2011 was enacted to protect water resources in the region. Despite this legal framework, the legislation faces legislative, implementation, and political challenges, including the multiplicity of laws, weak penalties, limited monitoring capacities, the spread of pollutants, and the impact of water projects in neighboring countries. To overcome these challenges, laws can be updated and consolidated into a unified framework, penalties can be strengthened, and concepts of integrated water resources management can be introduced, while supporting the role of the Ministry of Water Resources and establishing specialized courts and effective monitoring systems. In conclusion, Iraqi legislation provides a legal framework for water protection, but it requires continuous development, effective political will, regional cooperation, and public awareness to ensure water security, stability, and sustainable development in Iraq. Dr. Abdulrahman Abbas Ad’een College of Law – Al-Mustaqbal University