بحوث سكوبس — ابراهيم حسن محمد صالح الخرسان

This paper investigates the interaction between orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams and a three-level closed-loop atomic system, focusing on how the azimuthal distribution of population is influenced by relative phase, OAM number, and magnetic field detuning. We explore the effect of OAM beam, characterized by their helical phase structure, on atomic transitions, specifically examining how the vortex beam induces spatially dependent population distributions in the atomic system. Our result shows that when the relative phase between the probe and vortex field is nonzero, the population distribution exhibits azimuthal dependence. In contrast, for zero relative phase, the population distribution leads to 2D localization of atoms at the center of the azimuthal plane, offering a novel method for atom localization. The effect of detuning the magnetic field is also examined, showing that nonzero detuning causes asymmetric azimuthal population distributions, with peaks and dips emerging as detuning increases. These results provide valuable insights into the role of structured light fields in quantum systems, offering potential applications in areas such as quantum information processing, atom localization, and precision control of atomic systems. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd

Today, using systems based on renewable resources is a suitable alternative to fossil fuels. However, due to problems such as the lack of access in all the times needed to supply cargo and high-investment cost, it has not been well-received. In this research, in addition to maintaining the technical specifications and increasing the reliability of the system due to the addition of the hydroelectric power plant to other wind and solar systems, it has been tried to use biodiesel fuel (biofuel) as an alternative to fossil fuel in the diesel generator. To identify the most economical combination of the system with the application of social costs and the limit of pollutant and greenhouse gas emission in independent mode with the help of Homer software. the results showed that adding biodiesel to the designed system, the investment costs will increase by $282,038, which has a direct impact on the cost of energy and causes an increase of 0.0115 $/kWh. While the use of biodiesel reduces the emission of carbon dioxide by 28,947 kg/year. © 2023 American Institute of Chemical Engineers.

Heterogeneous photocatalysis has been demonstrated as a highly effective approach in addressing the difficulties encountered by conventional technologies in environmental remediation. Herein, for the first time, a novel hierarchical photocatalyst of selenium-doped Bi2S3 (Bi2S3-xSex) was successfully synthesized through a one-spot hydrothermal route followed by a vacancy engineering process (V-Bi2S3-xSex). The photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) and in-situ generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) under simulated solar-light irradiation were performed to evaluate the catalytic activity of the as-prepared samples. The catalytic activity of as-prepared samples was evaluated toward the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) and in-situ generation of H2O2 under simulated solar-light irradiation. Notably, V-Bi2S3-xSex (V-BSSe-5, as optimum sample) exhibited a photo-reduction of Cr(VI) at a rate of 97.04% during 150 min, which was 1.53- and 1.39-fold higher than those of pure Bi2S3 and Bi2Se3, respectively. Interestingly, the V-Bi2S3-xSex photocatalyst not only harvested more incident light in the UV–vis and near-infrared (NIR) regions but also supplied many active sites, improving the promotion of photo-generated charge-carriers, inhibiting charge recombination, and thus enhancing the photocatalytic activity. In addition, V-BSSe-5 showed greater photocatalytic efficiency for H2O2 generation, which was 15.69, 10.07, and 1.79 times higher than those of Bi2S3, Bi2Se3, and BSSe-5, respectively. The charge-carrier migration pathway and possible photocatalytic mechanisms were systematically discussed by assisting the electron spin resonance and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. The findings of this study demonstrate that doping and defect engineering strategies have the potential to be a significant advancement in the development of visible- and NIR-light responsiveness photocatalysts, thereby providing a solution to current environmental and energy challenges. © 2023

In this study, energy harvesting using a two-layer piezoelectric sensor in non-linear single-mode mode was investigated, and the optimal performance conditions for power extraction were investigated. Non-linear equations or non-linear electric enthalpy proposal were obtained using Lagrange’s method. In addition, the model was identified with the help of perturbation methods and based on experimental results. The results indicate the presence of second-order damping and third-order stiffness with magnitudes of 2.8 × 106 and −3.9 × 1021. Finally, non-linear energy harvesting was investigated, and the electrical resistance for an optimal electrical power of 185.2 was obtained. © 2023 Author(s).

Post quantum is a general name to all the techniques which are safe against the quantum computer attack. The wireless network is one of the most important means of communication. Wireless network security is a top priority. Wireless networks use conventional cryptography, which has various flaws, whereas quantum cryptography claims to be completely secure. It wasn't long after quantum computers became operational that people began to think about new ways to secure electronic communications. After considering all of the weaknesses in conventional cryptosystems, individuals began to look for new ways to secure electronic communications. Traditional cryptography has many problems, but quantum cryptography addresses nearly all of them. ©Copyright Fakhruldeen.

Grid-connected hybrid energy systems (HESs) represent a very promising option for addressing the problem of power outages worldwide. The selection of a suitable optimization approach and operational strategy are important aspects of the optimal design and operation of these HESs. This study aimed to find the optimal grid-connected PV/battery system sizes to supply electricity for a residential house in Karbala, Iraq, using two control strategies, load following (LF) and cycle charging (CC). The optimization was performed using HOMER software with and without the multi-year effects. The comparison analysis was carried out by considering the techno-economic and environmental performance of the feasible systems. The simulation results indicate that optimal configuration is achieved by using the CC strategy. Furthermore, the multi-year module affects the optimal results dramatically. Under the CC strategy, the multi-year effects increase the required PV size from 6 kW to 7 kW and the required number of batteries from 18 to 20, leading to an increase in the net present cost from $26,750 to $33,102 and a decrease in CO2 emissions from 7581 kg/year to 7379 kg/year. The results also show that the optimization results are highly affected by the variations of some critical parameters, such as solar radiation, average load, and battery degradation limits. The achievements indicate the higher effectiveness of the multi-year effects and control strategy on the optimal design of HESs. © 2022 by the authors.

Delivering electrical energy to remote areas is one of the essential things in our modern world. Choosing the optimal route is one of the most critical factors contributing to reducing the power transmission system's cost. Other influencing factors such as the optimum alloy of the conductor wires are difficult to change, so only the aforementioned factor was adopted. In this paper, the optimized potential field algorithm is employed to determine the sub-optimum path that the transmission line should be installed. The best line for the towers is not necessarily the shortest or the cheapest one. Sometimes the best locations for the towers of the transmission lines coming according to the safety regards. It can be said that the best trajectory is a combination of several factors, including the length of the track in addition to other influencing factors depending on the work environment. © 2022, Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.

One of most important things now is to create smart street and smart lighting system to save enormous electrical energy. Especially Iraq is suffering shortage of electrical energy generation up to 45%. Because of this, Iraq needs to save a lot of electrical energy in the entire country so as to meet the electrical demand and reduce the large amount of CO2 emission. However, this work presents a very unique and economic control lighting system (CLS) for main streets and sidewalks, which can control the lighting system to give sufficient illumination to the drivers and the pedestrians simultaneously. And at the same time, the CLS system can reduce a lot of electrical energy consumption and the CO2 emissions together. However, by using these smart systems with the exciting illumination source in the streets, the CLS can minimize the electrical energy consumed for the lighting at the main roads and the footpath by about 60% and can use the surplus energies to fill the shortage of electricity in the country. Also, this system will increase the lifetime of the lighting system which means further decrease in cost. Finally, this work presents new type of illumination source, high-intensity discharge (HID), which can reduce the electrical consumption much more by up to 90%, when using the CLS with HID. © 2022 the author(s), published by De Gruyter.