بحوث سكوبس — دكتور امير حاكم الخاقاني

Apart from being emission-free, electric vehicles enjoy benefits such as low maintenance and operating costs, noise-free, easy to drive, and the convenience of charging at home. All these benefits are directly dependent on the performance of the battery used in the vehicle. In this paper, one-dimensional modeling of Li-ion and NiMH batteries was developed, and their performances were studied. The performance characteristics of the batteries, such as the charging and discharging characteristics, the constituent losses of over-potential voltage, and the electrolyte concentration profile at various stages of charge and discharge cycles, were also studied. It is found that the electrolyte concentration profiles of Li-ion batteries show a drooping behavior at the start of the discharge cycle and a rising behavior at the end of discharge because of the concentration polarization due to the low diffusion coefficient. The electrolyte concentration profiles of NiMH batteries show rising behavior throughout the discharge cycle without any deviations. The reason behind this even behavior throughout the discharge cycle is attributed to the reduced concentration polarization due to electrolyte transport limitations. It is found that the losses associated with the NiMH battery are larger and almost constant throughout the battery’s operation. Whereas for the Li-ion batteries, the losses are less variable. The electrolyte concentration directly affects the overpotential losses incurred during the charging and discharging phases. © 2023 by the authors.

Medical images are a specific type of image that can be used to diagnose disease in patients. Critical uses for medical images can be found in many different areas of medicine and healthcare technology. Generally, the medical images produced by these imaging methods have low contrast. As a result, such types of images need immediate and fast enhancement. This paper introduced a novel image enhancement methodology based on the Laplacian filter, contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization, and an adjustment algorithm. Two image datasets were used to test the proposed method: The DRIVE dataset, forty images from the COVID-19 Radiography Database, endometrioma-11, normal-brain-MRI-6, and simple-breast-cyst-2. In addition, we used the robust MATLAB package to evaluate our proposed algorithm's efficacy. The results are compared quantitatively, and their efficacy is assessed using four metrics: Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Square Error (MSE), Contrast to Noise Ratio (CNR), and Entropy (Ent). The experiments show that the proposed method yields improved images of higher quality than those obtained from state-of-the-art techniques regarding MSE, CNR, PSNR, and Ent metrics. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

Nowadays, hybrid renewable systems can be the best solution for meeting electricity demand, especially where grid extension and environmental issues are important. This study aimed to find the best combination of the typical components used in East Java, Indonesia. In this regard, four types of photovoltaic (PV) panels, four types of wind turbines, and two types of batteries were selected, and the HOMER software simulated all possible combinations of the systems, including 32 scenarios (Sen). Then, considering the most important 15 parameters, such as pollutant emissions and economic values, the results were analyzed and sorted by the multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) method to find the best scenario for the case-study region. The results showed that SunPower E20-327 as PV, Eocycle EO10 10 kW as wind turbine, and Generic 1 kWh Li-Ion as the battery could be the best selection to design a hybrid renewable system for the case-study region since it can fulfill both economic and environmental needs. The cost of energy (COE) of the best-designed system and net present cost (NPC) are 0.24 ($/kWh) and 1.64 million $, respectively, where the renewable fraction (RF) is 55.1% and the scaled annual average load is 1126 kWh/day. The results of the sensitivity analysis on the best scenario’s parameters (where the capital cost of PV, battery, and wind turbine changes from 0.6 to 1.2, from 0.7 to 1.2, and from 0.7 to 1.4 of the current price, and diesel price from 0.5 to 1.1 ($/L)) showed that the RF, COE, and NPC values ranged between 51% to 93%, 0.2 to 0.3 ($/kWh), and 1.4 to 2.1 (million $), respectively. © 2023 by the authors.

Soft gripper design is a rising area of research due of its great possibilities in automation. One difficult problem in robot design is the ability to grasp a broader variety of items with variable stiffness, forms, and sizes in a single gripper. An ideal soft robotic gripper design with variable stiffness was designed in this research as a grasping model. Its distinctiveness is found in the methods utilized for modelling actuators and in the shifting stiffness characteristics of silicon soft gripper. When modelling the actuator in this case, multi-objective functions like gripping displacement and force transmission ratio are taken into account, and the actuator functions are controlled by the MDF (multiple degrees of freedom). The precise stiffness needed to grasp the item is then chosen using an adaptive optimization method. This enhanced weight-based horse herd (IHH) optimization method carries out the stiffness adjustment based on actuation pressure. Additionally, the suggested soft robotic gripper with variable stiffness employs the adaptive level set (ALS) technique to build the gripping force model. Additionally, several validations are offered in relation to the outcomes for item gripping by the suggested soft gripper. This shown that the results of the created soft gripper excelled those of other methods. The developed ABBIRB 1410 robot gripper type may enhance the work cycle in industrial applications and performs object grabbing with dependability and speed. The experimental validations show that the developed gripper model provides an enhanced object grasp with a range of curvatures, delivering a maximum pulling force of 121.07 kPa at 50 kpa, 119.15 kPa for patterned pulling, and 45.05 kPa for non-patterned pulling. The designed gripper type has a curve with a minimum size of 1.1 mm and a maximum size of 218 mm. Additionally, the soft gripper for industrial applications is examined with variously sized and weighted items. The suggested gripper model achieved an RMSE performance of 2.9 and a Pearson correlation of 0.993. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.

Image segmentation is a critical step in computer-aided diagnosis that could speed up Leukemia detection. Leukemia is a cancer of the blood that has a reputation for being particularly lethal. Based on the immunohistochemical method, the leukocytes can be manually counted in a stained peripheral blood smear image to detect Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Regrettably, the manual diagnosis process takes about 3 to 24 hours to complete, which is insufficient. This paper introduced a new and straightforward ALL image segmentation approach based on color image transformation. First, Leukemia, ALL-IDB1, ALL-IDB2, and ALL image datasets were used in this paper. The Leukemia dataset includes 208 ALL-IDB1 and ALL-IDB2 images, while The ALL dataset has 3256 images. Next, we use the HSV model to transform ALL images. In addition, we modified the HSV model by pre-processing the saturation channel for better results. Then, the pre-processed images were segmented based on a fixed threshold. After that, various metrics are utilized to measure the output of the proposed method. Finally, the proposed methodology is compared to currently used benchmarks. The proposed method outperforms previous approaches regarding accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and time. In addition, results show that the proposed technique improves performance measures significantly. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

This manuscript proposes a hybrid wind-photovoltaic farm with static synchronous compensator(STATCOM) for damping and controlling general chaotic-oscillations in a two-area power system. The proposed hybrid method is the joint operation of Tasmanian Devil Optimization(TDO) and Aquila Optimizer (AO) and together called as TDO-AO technique. The major objective of the proposed technique is minimizing the error, optimizes the performance of the system and regulates the controller parameters of proportional-integral (PI). The STATCOM is used to regulate the voltage and improve the power-factor of the system, leading to better power quality and reduced losses. The TDO is used to optimize the location and size of the wind-PV farm. The AO is utilized to enhance the parameters of STATCOM. The hybrid wind-PV farm with STATCOM can provide a renewable source of energy and improve the stability and reliability of the power grid. While being optimally compensated, the system is vulnerable to 3-phase faults. Zero damping is one more disturbance, along with a change in reference voltage and electric torque. The disturbances are created to simulate the worst scenarios, so that the hybrid wind-PV farm may be rigorously evaluated for its effectiveness in reducing the total chaotic oscillations. In Wind-PV-STATCOM, the gate signal is managed by a controller that separately controls the AC and DC currents. Then, the performance of proposed method is implemented in MATLAB and it is contrasted with the existing methods. From the simulation analysis, the proposed method based settling time is 1.00 sec that is less than the existing one. © 2023 International Solar Energy Society

One of the most common uses of computer vision, automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) is also a pretty well-explored subject with numerous effective solutions. Due to regional differences in license plate design, however, these solutions are often optimized for a specific setting. Number plate recognition algorithms are often dependent on these aspects, making a universal solution unlikely due to the fact that the image analysis methods used to develop these algorithms cannot guarantee a perfect success rate. In this research, we offer an algorithm tailor-made for use with brand-new license plates in Iraq. The method employs edge detection, Feature Detection, and mathematical morphology to find the plate; it was developed in C++ using the OpenCV library. When characters were found on the plate, they were entered into the Easy OCR engine for analysis. © Copyright Alsudani.

Iraqi people have been without energy for nearly two decades, even though their geographic position provides a high intensity of radiation appropriate for the construction of solar plants capable of producing significant quantities of electricity. Also, the annual sunny hours in Iraq are between 3,600 to 4,300 hours which makes it perfect to use the photovoltaics arrays to generate electricity with very high efficiency compared to many countries, especially in Europe. This paper shows the amount of electric energy generated by the meter square of crystalline silicon in the photovoltaic (PV) array that already installed in 18 states in Iraq for each month of the year. The results of the meter-square of PV array in three tracking positions are presented in this paper. This paper shows that the average electricity generated in North cities (Dohuk, Al-Sulaymaniyah, and Erbil) are less than the southern cities in the winter season (three positions) by about 40-50%. Iraq has a stable PV electrical generation during all the year in all regions except the North cities while the highest cities in electricity generation are (Najaf and Al-Anbar). © 2023 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.

Grid-connected hybrid energy systems (HESs) represent a very promising option for addressing the problem of power outages worldwide. The selection of a suitable optimization approach and operational strategy are important aspects of the optimal design and operation of these HESs. This study aimed to find the optimal grid-connected PV/battery system sizes to supply electricity for a residential house in Karbala, Iraq, using two control strategies, load following (LF) and cycle charging (CC). The optimization was performed using HOMER software with and without the multi-year effects. The comparison analysis was carried out by considering the techno-economic and environmental performance of the feasible systems. The simulation results indicate that optimal configuration is achieved by using the CC strategy. Furthermore, the multi-year module affects the optimal results dramatically. Under the CC strategy, the multi-year effects increase the required PV size from 6 kW to 7 kW and the required number of batteries from 18 to 20, leading to an increase in the net present cost from $26,750 to $33,102 and a decrease in CO2 emissions from 7581 kg/year to 7379 kg/year. The results also show that the optimization results are highly affected by the variations of some critical parameters, such as solar radiation, average load, and battery degradation limits. The achievements indicate the higher effectiveness of the multi-year effects and control strategy on the optimal design of HESs. © 2022 by the authors.

In this article, we looked at how to go about creating a CNC pen or drawing machine of your own. Inkscape, which translates graphics and text into g- code format, was utilized as the controller for this project, with the microcontroller serving as the interface between the computer and the language of the CNC machine. The g-code transmits a series of x, y, and z coordinates to the motors; the servo motor controls the pen's movement in response to the Z coordinates; stepper motor 1 controls the rail's horizontal motion; and stepper motor 2 controls the rail's vertical motion in response to the X coordinate. The laser machine employs industrial applications to expedite manufacturing and perform engraving and cutting, resulting in a superior and expertly finished output. The carbon laser beam emitted by the laser engraving machine may be used for engraving, cutting, and shaping a wide variety of materials and end products. ©Copyright Yousif.

Due to its ease of control, the DC motor is a critical equipment in a wide variety of industrial applications that need changing speed and load parameters. Today's market is flooded with high-quality motor speed controllers. Their prices, on the other hand, are rather expensive. A low-cost, high-performance speed controller will be in high demand, particularly for small mobility applications. Three techniques for regulating the speed of a direct current motor are explained. The proposed system has several advantages, including a simple structure, low cost, accuracy, quiet efficiency, small volume, and bi-directional speed control. In the second method, a linear voltage regulator was used. The benefits of a linear voltage regulator include simplicity of design and ease of use, as well as protection from high power draw due to the nature of the load or a short circuit. The advantages of the push-pull amplifier in the third method are low distortion, the benefits include the absence of electromagnetic saturation in the coupling transformer core and the elimination of power supply waves, which results in the absence of hum, while the drawbacks include the need for two identical transistors and the usage of large, costly coupling transformers. In the third method, the amplifier's drive configuration advantages include little distortion, absence of electromagnetic saturation in the main coil of the connection, and termination of power supply ripples, which results in the absence of hum. Its disadvantages include the requirement for twin transistors that are similar and the use of coupling transformers that are large and pricey. © 2023 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved.

The spectrogram is defined as the visual representation of the signal strength with a particular interval of time regarding frequencies in the appropriate waveform. It is demonstrated using the Fourier transform. It is illustrated in a three-dimensional plot of signal composed with amplitude versus frequency and time. They are classified as long signal sections and short signal sections with filters. It demonstrates the consecutive spectacle of the sound signal at a particular interval of time. The time-frequency representation of audio signals is obtained through spectrograms. This helps in the understanding of the speech data. Machine learning plays an important role in the identification of the relevant features in the spectrogram. The intricate patterns in the time and frequency domains are represented through CNN and RNN. These models are trained and tested through a large dataset which includes both clean and noisy speech samples. This helps to learn complex interrelationships and patterns associated with varied environmental conditions and interference systems. The computational demands of these systems are handled through the cloud computing techniques. They provide a platform for effective solutions for performing real-time interference. These cloud services provide various collaborations to numerous models to achieve desired outcomes. The proposed system provides higher adaptability in varied environmental and noisy profiles. Thus the integration of cloud computing with machine learning provides real-time processing with a natural seamless user experience. © 2023 IEEE.

The energy and exergy analysis of a single slope solar stills using ceramic type rectangular and circular magnets in the basin was carried out in this study and compared to conventional solar still. The results showed that the rectangular magnet solar still (RMSS) had higher hourly productivity of about 5.8% and 13.7% than circular magnet solar still (CMSS) and conventional solar still (CSS), respectively. For 12 h of reading, the cumulative productivity in RMSS, CMSS, and CSS was observed at 3.15 kg/m2, 2.82 kg/m2, and 2.15 kg/m2, respectively. Compared to CMSS and CSS, the RMSS has enhanced its energy efficiency by 4.9% and 6.9%, respectively. The observed exergy efficiency in RMSS has increased to 3.4% and 17.2%, respectively, than CMSS and CSS. Due to sensible heat absorbed by magnets, the amount of exergy lost in the RMSS and CMSS basin is much less than in CSS. In economic analysis, the estimated produced water cost (PWC) of RMSS is 4.5% and 22.2% lower than the PWC estimated in CMSS and CSS, respectively. Overall, the results showed that the magnetization of saline water made the solar still work much better. © 2022 The Authors.

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms are a practical solution to ensure the continuous operation of the photovoltaic systems, maximize the output of the PV system and overcome nonlinear characteristics under all circumstances. Different MPPT strategies were used to achieve the maximum output power of the photovoltaic system. There are conventional MPPT algorithms. Also, there are soft computing techniques to attract the maximum PowerPoint. In this paper, the MPPT approaches for solar systems are reviewed and compared in-depth with six different requirements, the comparison shows that the Incremental Conductance has an advantage over the conventional methods. Soft computing methods give high efficiency, but the effectiveness of soft computing techniques needs users for a good background on how it works, it's more complex than conventional MPPT methods, the essential variations among these approaches are digital versus analogy applications, design simplicity, sensor requirements, convergence time, effectiveness range, and hardware pricing. As a consequence, choosing the right algorithm is crucial for users since it impacts the electrical efficiency of the photovoltaic (PV) module and lowers expenses by lowering the number of solar panels required to produce the necessary electricity. © 2022 IEEE.

This work proposes a new kind of trajectory tracking controller for the differential drive mobile robot (DDMR), namely, the nonlinear neural network fractional-order proportional integral derivative (NNFOPID) controller. The suggested controller’s coefficients comprise integral, proportional, and derivative gains as well as derivative and integral powers. The adjustment of these coefficients turns the design of the proposed NNFOPID control further problematic than the conventional proportional-integral-derivative control. To handle this issue, an Enhanced Fruit Fly Swarm Optimization algorithm has been developed and proposed in this work to tune the NNFOPID’s parameters. The enhancement achieved on the standard fruit fly optimization technique lies in the increased uncertainty in the values of the initialized coefficients to convey a broader search space. subsequently, the search range is varied throughout the updating stage by beginning with a big radius and declines gradually during the course of the searching stage. The proposed NNFOPID controller has been validated its ability to track specific three types of continuous trajectories (circle, line, and lemniscate) while minimizing the mean square error and the control energy. Demonstrations have been run under MATLAB environment and revealed the practicality of the designed NNFOPID motion controller, where its performance has been compared with that of a nonlinear Neural Network Proportional Integral Derivative controller on the tracking of one of the aforementioned trajectories of the DDMR. © The Author(s) 2022.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the association of the intimin (eae) and pagC genes with biofilm formation and multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica collected from calves with diarrhea. Results: Fecal samples (n: 150) were collected from calves with diarrhea. Of 150 fecal samples, 122 (81.3%) were culture positive and 115/122 (94.2%) were Gram-negative bacteria. Among them, E. coli (n = 64/115, 55.6%) was the most common isolate followed by S. enterica (n = 41/115, 35.6%). Also, 10 (8.6%) isolates were other Enterobacteriaceae bacteria including Klebsiella and Proteus species. Eighty-nine isolates (77.4%) from calf diarrhea, including 52 (81.3%) E. coli and 37 (90.2%) S. enterica were MDR. The eae and pagC genes were detected in 33 (51.5%) E. coli and 28 (68.3%) S. enterica isolates, respectively. There was a strong association between these genes and biofilm formation and MDR phenotype (P-value = 0.000). All E. coli isolates carrying the eae gene were biofilm producers and MDR. Also, all pagC-positive S. enterica isolates were MDR and 25 (89.3%) isolates of them produced biofilm. © 2022, The Author(s).

Delivering electrical energy to remote areas is one of the essential things in our modern world. Choosing the optimal route is one of the most critical factors contributing to reducing the power transmission system's cost. Other influencing factors such as the optimum alloy of the conductor wires are difficult to change, so only the aforementioned factor was adopted. In this paper, the optimized potential field algorithm is employed to determine the sub-optimum path that the transmission line should be installed. The best line for the towers is not necessarily the shortest or the cheapest one. Sometimes the best locations for the towers of the transmission lines coming according to the safety regards. It can be said that the best trajectory is a combination of several factors, including the length of the track in addition to other influencing factors depending on the work environment. © 2022, Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.

For more than five decades Iraq's people suffer from an increasing shortage of electric power due to the increased demand for electricity, and the disruption of electric power plants. Iraq is one of the countries that have a huge wealth type of renewable energy like more than 4000 sunny hours per year, one of the main loads of the national grid is the street lighting. This research made a full comparison between the conventional street lighting source sodium lamps (400 watts), Led lighting (200 watts), and Solar Street Lights. By using the Dialux program in lighting street which can show all the three types can give very good lighting and cover all the area required but in different wattage but same vision, even Solar Street Lights gives better vision. Using of Solar Street Lights will cut off huge loads from the national grid and cover the daily shortage of energy. Finally, this study shows a comparison among all the types depending on installation, energy consumption and running costs, safety, and warranty, maintenance and monitoring, a life span, and the cost for the same quality of lighting vision. And shows the Solar Street Lights is the best. Therefore, it will reduce electrical energy consumption in addition to its high operational life, which makes it superior to other traditional lighting types that consume electrical energy from the grid. © 2022 IEEE.

The estimates of Rayleigh fading channels are rapidly changing in multi carrier direct sequence code division multiple access (MC-DS-CDMA) multiplexing systems. The most widely accepted answer to this issue is the conventional solution least square (LS) or mean square error estimator (MMSE) using the recursive least squares algorithm (RLS) or the least mean squares (LMS) algorithm. In much of the previous work, only one Kalman filter was used for estimation. In this paper, a Kalman filter is used with a Madgwicks filter together to satisfy the fading problems. However, this requires a priori evaluation of auto regressive (AR) parameters. A standard solution involves the first matching of the auto-completion function of the applying the AR method to Jakes' problem and then tackling it (YWE). Even more the results procedure is limited to crowd constraints and is related to an AR+ process of noise, an approximation considered. In fact, depending on simulation findings, high-AR models outperform conventional models on the basis of spectral estimate and bit error margins (BER). Nevertheless, in order to save costs of computing, the 5-D model of AR is a possibility. The proposed process outperforms edge of art competitors in terms of bit error rate as demonstrated by results. © 2022 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.

One of most important things now is to create smart street and smart lighting system to save enormous electrical energy. Especially Iraq is suffering shortage of electrical energy generation up to 45%. Because of this, Iraq needs to save a lot of electrical energy in the entire country so as to meet the electrical demand and reduce the large amount of CO2 emission. However, this work presents a very unique and economic control lighting system (CLS) for main streets and sidewalks, which can control the lighting system to give sufficient illumination to the drivers and the pedestrians simultaneously. And at the same time, the CLS system can reduce a lot of electrical energy consumption and the CO2 emissions together. However, by using these smart systems with the exciting illumination source in the streets, the CLS can minimize the electrical energy consumed for the lighting at the main roads and the footpath by about 60% and can use the surplus energies to fill the shortage of electricity in the country. Also, this system will increase the lifetime of the lighting system which means further decrease in cost. Finally, this work presents new type of illumination source, high-intensity discharge (HID), which can reduce the electrical consumption much more by up to 90%, when using the CLS with HID. © 2022 the author(s), published by De Gruyter.