بحوث سكوبس — تيسير سمير جعاز اللامي

Filamentous fungus (moulds) create secondary metabolites called mycotoxins, which can be dangerous. These minuscule molecules (typically less than 1 000 Da) are almost inescapably found in nature. Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria are among the fungal species that produce mycotoxins. If these secondary metabolites make their way into the food chain and production, they are harmful and have a big effect. In African countries like Nigeria that rely significantly on staple foods like grains, cereals, and nuts, mycotoxin contamination is especially problematic. Mycotoxins have attracted international interest due to their effects on human health, significant financial losses, and both domestic and international trade. Due to concerns about food safety and financial losses, the majority of research has been on aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisin, zearalenone, and Fusarium toxins, despite the fact that over 400 mycotoxins have been found. Understanding how interacting abiotic factors connected to climate change—particularly rising temperatures, higher CO2, and fluctuations in water availability—affect the relative risks of mycotoxin contamination and the effects on food safety and security especially in Africa is therefore of great interest. For food safety and a sustainable food supply, mycotoxin contamination must be avoided. Stricter regulations and enforcement, post-harvest management, preventative agricultural practices, infrastructure and policy improvements, increased surveillance and awareness, and investments in cost-effective detection techniques and research are all suggested as ways to address mycotoxin issues in Africa. In order to address mycotoxin prevalence, governments, research institutions, and non-governmental organisations should customise the few resources at their disposal. This will provide the best chance for the successful establishment of a sustainable food system in Africa. Data from thorough investigations of mycotoxins in food commodities are expected to aid in the creation of safer food and in determining the areas that require further study. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025.

This study aimed at investigating the qualitative attributes of complementary foods developed from fermented maize composite flour. Complementary foods were formulated from flour blends of fermented maize, soybeans, and breadfruit. The microbiological and quality of the complementary foods were evaluated using standard methods. The microbial load analysis showed that total bacterial count ranged from 1 to 15 × 10−3 cfu, while total yeast count ranged from 0 to 20 × 10−3 cfu. The moisture, crude fat, protein, ash, and carbohydrate content ranged from 9.49% to 9.74%, 8.86% to 18.6%, 8.81% to 21.39%, 2.20% to 2.90%, and (43.74%) to (67.44%), respectively. The mineral composition showed that calcium, sodium, and Na/K content ranged from 86.60 to 112.50 mg/100 g, 21.40–24.80 mg/100 g, and 0.35 to 0.38, respectively. The phytate, oxalate, and tannin content range from 2.50 mg/100 g to 4.32 mg/100 g, 0.91 mg/100 g to 3.55 mg/100 g and 1.29 mg/100 g to 1.48 mg/100 g, respectively. © 2025 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

An environmentally friendly technique was used to prepare titanium dioxide@ silver (core shell) (TiO₂@Ag NPs) using chard leaf extract, a natural stabilizer and reductant. A nanocomposite (NCs) of TiO₂@Ag supported by halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), TiO2@Ag/HNT NCs, was prepared under microwave irradiation. The microwave technique is used to accelerate the reaction and enhance the homogeneity of nanoparticle distribution. Spectroscopic and structural analyses were performed on the resulting nanocomposite. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed a clear crystalline structure with grain sizes ranging from 7 to 15 nm, with an average of ~11 nm, the transmission electron microscope (TEM) revealed that the size of nanoparticles in the TiO₂@Ag/HNT NCs sample ranges from 20 to 80 nm, with some localized agglomerations visible in specific areas. UV–Vis absorption spectra indicated significant optical activity in the visible and UV ranges, indicating improved photonic properties. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra revealed the presence of intergroup bonds. The active ingredients in the plant extract and the TiO2@Ag/HNT nanocomposite surface were found, indicating the extract’s role in stabilization. The zeta potential test showed good stability, with a value of −57 mV. The TiO₂@Ag/HNT NCs demonstrated high efficiency in the adsorption of heavy metal mercury (Hg(II)) from contaminated water, achieving a removal rate of 100%. This result reflects the unique effectiveness of the TiO₂@Ag/HNT and its outstanding ability to treat mercury pollution efficiently. These results demonstrate the potential for producing a multifunctional nanocomposite in an environmentally friendly and efficient manner, making it a practical option for various photocatalytic and water treatment applications. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

Alcohol consumption remains a major global public health and social challenge, driven by complex interactions between biochemical processes and sociocultural dynamics. This study critically examines the chemical pathways of ethanol metabolism and their relationship with the social behavior patterns observed among individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD). Drawing on an interdisciplinary narrative review of peer-reviewed literature in biochemistry, neuroscience, psychology, sociology, and public health, the paper synthesizes evidence on how alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1) pathways mediate intoxication, tolerance, dependence, and long-term physiological harm through acetaldehyde toxicity and oxidative stress. These biochemical mechanisms are analytically linked to neurochemical adaptations involving GABAergic, glutamatergic, dopaminergic, and stress-related systems that underpin craving, withdrawal, impaired self-control, and compulsive drinking. Beyond biological mechanisms, the study situates alcohol-related behaviors within broader social contexts, highlighting the roles of social learning, peer influence, stress coping, family dynamics, and cultural norms. Particular attention is given to low- and middle-income settings, with reference to Nigeria, where informal alcohol markets, gendered drinking norms, stigma, and weak treatment infrastructures intensify social and health consequences. The review identifies persistent fragmentation between biological and sociological research and underscores gaps in longitudinal, context-specific, and African-centered evidence. The study concludes that alcohol dependence is best understood as both a biochemical disorder and a socially embedded phenomenon, and it advocates for integrated, culturally responsive prevention, treatment, and policy approaches. © 2026 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

New spectrally nanocomposite films have been developed for high absorption performance. The polystyrene (PS) was dissolved in THF and blended with fixed concentrations of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and carbon nanofibers (CN) (5 wt. % CNT, 5 wt. % CN, and 2.5 wt. % CNT+CN) via the casting technique to produce nanocomposite films. Polymer nanocomposite films have been developed to create an economical coating that reinforces the poly (styrene) matrix. The coating exhibits high absorptivity; the optical properties were computed over a wavelength range of 250-1350 nm at 30 °C. The transmittance and reflectance were decreased, skin depth and optical density were increased, and the absorbance coefficient and dielectric constant were increased. The direct and indirect energy gap (Eg) of the films has decreased from 2.8 to 2.4 eV and from 3.4 to 2.9 eV after adding CNT with CN. The Urbach energy (Eu) has increased from 1.24 to 2.71 eV. The XRD test confirms that the films had amorphous structures. The SEM analysis was used to show the surface morphology of thin films. Consequently, the atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements indicated an increase in surface roughness (SR) from 5.19 to 14.5 nm for the doped PS thin films, and the root mean square (RMS) roughness increased from 6.65 to 16.6 nm. These modified PS nanocomposite thin films find potential applications in various industries, including air transport components, light-emitting diodes, laser sensors, UV energy shielding, light-harvesting devices, memory devices, and light-conversion technologies. Prog Color Colorants Coat. 19 (2026), 261-279© Institute for Color Science and Technology. © This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

There is a hallowed place for polymers in science. It is common knowledge that polymers find extensive use in a variety of fields due to their unique and distinguished qualities. The distinctive qualities of smart biopolymers, including their biodegradability, biocompatibility, affordability, and renewability, have drawn the interest of researchers from all over the world. Moreover, these intelligent biopolymers exhibit the distinctive quality of being sensitive to various stimuli, including light, chemical, mechanical stress, magnetic and electrical fields, temperature, and pH. Numerous professionals and academics from a wide range of fields are very interested in biopolymers, a prominent class of functional materials with high-value applications. The basic and applied elements of biopolymers must be understood through interdisciplinary study in order to address a number of intricate issues related to health and wellbeing. Biodegradable materials, particularly those produced from natural resources, have been used to replace synthetic polymers in an effort to lessen the impact on the environment and the reliance on fossil fuels. As a result, numerous natural or biopolymers have been created to meet the needs of expanding usage. These kinds of biopolymers are currently employed in food manufacturing and are expanding their possibilities in the pharmacological and medical industries due to their unique properties. This overview, which emphasizes on the various uses of bio polymers that are in the food industry, medical sector, and other business segments, provides a prognosis for the foreseeable future of the biopolymer business. As demand for sustainable and multifunctional materials grows, numerous natural and smart biopolymers have been developed to meet evolving industrial needs. These advanced biopolymers are already transforming the food industry, offering innovative solutions for packaging, preservation, and texture modification. Their unique properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and responsive functionality are driving rapid adoption in the pharmaceutical and medical sectors, enabling targeted drug delivery, wound healing, and tissue engineering. This overview highlights the diverse applications of smart biopolymers across food, healthcare, and other commercial sectors, while providing a forward-looking perspective on the emerging opportunities and market potential within the biopolymer industry. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025.

This review explores the impact of probiotics and dietary bioactives on gut microbiota, inflammatory responses, and metabolic well-being. It emphasizes how these bioactive components, particularly probiotics, influence gut health by modulating the gut microbiota, a vital ecosystem of microorganisms that play a key role in health. The paper investigates the mechanisms through which probiotics and bioactives, found in both traditional and contemporary foods, support gut health and combat metabolic disorders. It highlights the various types of probiotics in foods, their effects on immune function, and their role in regulating inflammatory response and metabolic well-being. By examining the connections between probiotics, gut microbiota, and outcomes such as digestive health, immune function, and metabolic well-being, this review identifies conditions where probiotics show potential benefits. It also addresses hurdles, including variability in strain effectiveness and dosage, and outlines future research areas, particularly personalized probiotic approaches. The paper concludes with a summary of key insights, underscoring the importance of probiotics and dietary bioactives in food systems to improve health and prevent metabolic diseases. © 2025 The Author(s)

This review paper delves into the role of probiotics and food bioactives in influencing gut health and overall well-being, within the context of probiotics and food bioactives, emphasizing their roles in modulating inflammation, gut microbiota, and metabolic health. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that confer health benefits to the host, primarily through their impact on the gut microbiome; a complex community of microorganisms crucial for maintaining health. The review aims to elucidate how probiotics, incorporated into both traditional and modern food systems, can enhance gut health and address metabolic disorders. It examines the types of probiotics present in various foods and their mechanisms of action, including their effects on immune function and metabolic health. By exploring the links between probiotics and health outcomes such as digestive health, immune support, and mental health, the review identifies specific conditions where probiotics show significant promise. Hurldes such as inconsistencies in research findings, variability in probiotic strains, and dosages are addressed. The paper also suggests future research directions, including the potential for personalized probiotic interventions. The review concludes by summarizing key findings and emphasizing the critical role of probiotics in food systems for promoting overall health and mitigating metabolic diseases. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

This review paper analyzes recent advancements in bio-polymer coatings for probiotic microencapsulation, with a particular emphasis on chitosan and its synergistic combinations with other materials. Probiotic microencapsulation is essential for protecting probiotics from environmental stresses, enhancing their stability, and ensuring effective delivery to the gut. The review begins with an overview of probiotic microencapsulation, highlighting its significance in safeguarding probiotics through processing, storage, and gastrointestinal transit. Advances in chitosan-based encapsulation are explored, including the integration of chitosan with other bio-polymers such as alginate, gelatin, and pectin, as well as the application of nanotechnology and innovative encapsulation techniques like spray drying and layer-by-layer assembly. Detailed mechanistic insights are integrated, illustrating how chitosan influences gut microbiota by promoting beneficial bacteria and suppressing pathogens, thus enhancing its role as a prebiotic or synbiotic. Furthermore, the review delves into chitosan’s immunomodulatory effects, particularly in the context of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and autoimmune diseases, describing the immune signaling pathways influenced by chitosan and linking gut microbiota changes to improvements in systemic immunity. Recent clinical trials and human studies assessing the efficacy of chitosan-coated probiotics are presented, alongside a discussion of practical applications and a comparison of in vitro and in vivo findings to highlight real-world relevance. The sustainability of chitosan sources and their environmental impact are addressed, along with the novel concept of chitosan’s role in the gut-brain axis. Finally, the review emphasizes future research needs, including the development of personalized probiotic therapies and the exploration of novel bio-polymers and encapsulation techniques. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

The idea that food and medicine are similar has a long history, many substances have also been used both as food and traditional treatment remedies. Several plant-based therapeutic substances including those obtained from plants like Chrysanthemum morifolium, Lonicera japonica, Crocus sativus, and Lonicera macranthoides, are homologous for use both as medicines and food. These plants mostly consist of flavonoids, organic acids, terpenoids, and other active substances that have a range of medical benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and antioxidant properties as well as a wide range of nutritional and physiological impacts on the human body. Thus, they are used in functional foods and medicinal formulations. Furthermore, scientists have discovered credible ways by which naturally occurring substances that affect immunological responses including n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins A, D, and E, conjugated linoleic acid and ascorbic acid can be obtained from diets. Such diets both provide the essential nutrients required by the body and generally impact the immune system. In this regards, the gut is considered to be the “largest immune organ” since it contains more than 65% of all the body’s immune cells. Dietary immunomodulation techniques focus primarily on immunological proteins of the non-specific immune system that are located in the gut. On this note, increasing people’s understanding of the importance of a balanced nutritional intake is crucial and this review intends to do so. The review further discusses the structural elucidations of the homology of drug and food components, as well as their effects on nutrition and immunology. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2024.

The review presents a comprehensive overview of the various bioactive compounds found in ginger, namely gingerols, shogaols, paradols, and zingerone as well as their biological activities. The compounds are responsible for the distinct aroma, flavor, and pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, gastroprotective effects associated with ginger. An increased understanding of the bioactive compounds present in ginger such as presented in this publication will assist relevant bodies to harness more of its benefits. Ginger exerts its bioactivities via a number of mechanisms such as inhibiting the activation of tumor necrosis factor α and cyclooxygenase-2 in human synoviocytes and limiting the body’s leukotrienes and prostaglandins to elicit anti-inflammatory activity, activating the descendent inhibitory pathways of pain and suppressing the transmission of nociceptive signals thus exhibiting anti-nociceptive effects amongst others. This article also explores the applications of ginger in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and functional foods, highlighting its value in various industries. Although been generally recognized as safe, there is an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms of action of ginger constituents. This lack of complete knowledge necessitates that caution be taken with its use. © The Author(s) 2025.

Purpose of Review: This review summarizes the sources, metabolism and roles of selenium within the human body. Past and recent evidence implicating selenium deficiency as a feature in various cases of cancers is reviewed. Recent Findings: Trace elements (micronutrients) are nutrients required in minute concentrations in human physiology. Their significance in maintaining homeostatic physiologic states cannot be overlooked. Selenium is an essential micronutrient that is primarily obtained from diet. After being taken up in the duodenum, the micronutrient is disseminated to various target organs where it executes vital roles such as aiding cell apoptosis, promoting anti-oxidation and boosting immunity and cognitive function. The possible link between selenium deficiency and a wide range of diseases especially cancer, has been recognized. Summary: In recent years, numerous reviews and meta-analyses of research examining the correlation between low levels of Selenium (toenail, serum, and urine) and specific cancer incidences have been published. Finally, suggestions on subsequent directions to further elucidate the function of selenium deficiency in cancer occurrence and prognosis were stated. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.

Biopolymer hydrogels have emerged as a transformative technology for enhancing the stability, delivery, and efficacy of probiotics in food systems. These hydrogels provide robust protection against environmental stressors such as pH fluctuations, temperature extremes, and moisture, ensuring probiotic survival during processing, storage, and digestion. Their versatility allows for seamless integration into a wide range of food matrices, including beverages, baked goods, and plant-based products, resolving the growing consumer demand for functional foods that promote gut health. This review explores the potential of biopolymer hydrogels in probiotic encapsulation, emphasizing their role in controlled release and targeted delivery within the gastrointestinal tract. Despite their advantages, hurdles remain in optimizing formulations, refining encapsulation techniques, and expanding their application to non-traditional food systems. Future research should focus on strain-specific hydrogel designs, innovative probiotic carriers, and advanced delivery mechanisms to maximize probiotic functionality. From an industrial and commercial perspective, continued advancements in hydrogel technology could revolutionize the functional food and nutraceutical industries. By improving probiotic stability and bioavailability, biopolymer hydrogels present a promising avenue for developing next-generation health-promoting foods. This review highlights the latest advancements in hydrogel technology and its applications, underscoring its potential to shape the future of functional foods and contribute to a more sustainable and health-conscious food industry. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd

The Chinese date or Ziziphus jujuba, is a drupe fruit that depending on the cultivar, can be round, elongated, cherry or plum-sized. The little shrub known as the jujube tree produces the jujube fruits. As a specie of the genus Ziziphus belonging to the Rhamnaceae family of buckthorn plants, this tree is linked to a wide variety of other plants, including those that are used medicinally. In technical terms, the fruits that are produced by the Ziziphus jujuba plant are classified as stone fruits or drupes. Up to 400 varieties of this fruit are thought to exist. China is home to the jujube tree, and jujube fruits have been grown there for more than 2500 years (As long as 4000 years, according to certain documents). These days, China, Korea, India, Japan, and the Middle East are the regions where they are most popular. The major varieties for Z. jujuba are ‘Jinsixiaozao’, ‘Junzao’, ‘Dongzao’, ‘Lingzao’, ‘Jianzao’, ‘Xuezao’, ‘Sanbianhongzao’, ‘Fangchuizao’, ‘Budaizao’, etc. Some varieties are suitable for fresh use, while some are better for processing as dried jujube. China produces about 90% of the world’s jujubes for food and pharmaceutical applications little wonder then they are also referred to as Chinese dates. Its names of Korean and red dates are also quite frequently used. In conventional medicine, mental health conditions like anxiety and insomnia have been treated using jujube fruits, seeds, and bark. Additionally useful the fruit is an appetite enhancer and a digestive aid. The fruit also helps support healthy digestion. This study’s primary objective is to identify the key physico-chemical properties of jujube fruits, including their sugar and organic acid profiles, protein, mineral elements, to bring to light its pharmacological properties, traditional and industrial applications. Research articles used for this review were retrieved from the following databases: “Science Direct (https://www.sciencedirect.com/), “SPIE Digital Library (https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/?SSO=1), ACS publications (https://pubs.acs.org/journal/esthag), SETAC Journals (https://setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/). Using the keywords: “Ziziphus jujube,” “Biological properties of jujube,” “ industrial applications of jujube”. “Applications of jujube in TCM”, and other similar and related keywords. The biological properties of jujube have been investigated and the fruit has been found to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, anticancer, neuroprotective antiepileptic, sedative effects among others due to the organic acid, terpenoid, flavonoid, alkaloid content. Conventional medicine, have thus employed jujube fruits, seeds and tree bark for managing mental health conditions like anxiety and insomnia. Jujube fruit is also useful as an appetite enhancer and a digestive aid. This review has considered the jujube fruit, its nutritional composition namely; organic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, fiber e.t.c, its biological properties namely; anti-oxidation, wound healing, antimicrobial, neuro-protection, antiulcer, anticancer, anti-inflammation e.t.c as well as the industrial applications of this fruit and its products in food, agricultural, pharmaceutical and other industries. More research is however this needed to elucidate the relationship between jujube’s biological operations and molecular mechanisms and the content of its active ingredients. In addendum, a more secure, robust, and scientific theoretical foundation for using jujubes as functional foods will be provided by more research. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2024.

The objective of this paper is to optimize the mechanical properties of bamboo fiber/epoxy composites of the experiment using (DOE method). Epoxy resin offers several benefits, including ease of processing, minimal shrinkage during curing, and excellent adhesion to various fibers. However, its mechanical properties can still be further enhanced to broaden its application potential. This study explores the reinforcement of epoxy resin with bamboo fiber (BF), presenting an innovative approach to developing lightweight, high-strength composites using natural fibers and polymers. Using response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD), the study determined optimal fiber parameters for producing epoxy-based bamboo fiber composites. The mechanical properties, including tensile, flexural, and impact strength, were analyzed based on fiber particle loading (9–18 wt. %) and particle size (0.25–1.5 µm). The RSM results indicate that the highest tensile strength, 41.28 MPa, was achieved at 13.5 wt. % loading and 0.875 µm particle size. The maximum flexural strength of 95.35 MPa occurred at 13.6 wt. % loading and 1.425 µm particle size. Additionally, the greatest impact strength, 5389.12 Joules, was attained with 18 wt. % loading and 1.5 µm particle size. Based on the analysis of the 2 factors interaction model terms, the particle size, weight content, and variables are significant. The R2 = 0.9862; R2Adj = 0.9776; predicted R2 = 0.8936; Adeq Precision = 29.1519. Hence, the RSM models are confirmed to be good predictors of bamboo fiber epoxy composite characteristics for primer components. © 2025

Carrageenan (CGN) is a high molecular weight polysaccharide that is extracted from red seaweeds. It is made up of D-galactose residues connected by β-1,4 and α-1,3 galactose-galactose bonds. As a result of its ability to thicken, emulsify, and stabilize food, it is frequently used as a food additive in processed food. Its consumption has surged in recent years due to the Western diet's (WD) spread. Carrageenan has the ability to change the thickness of the mucus barrier, the composition of the gut microbiota, and the innate immune pathway that causes inflammation. Also, its inherent qualities, which include biodegradability, biocompatibility, resemblance to native glycosaminoglycans, antioxidants, anticancer, immunomodulatory, and anticoagulant activities, Carrageenan-based hydrogels have been the subject of numerous investigations lately for biomedical applications. The brittle hydrogel and uncontrollably exchanged ions, however, are two drawbacks to the application of this polysaccharide, but these can be avoided by making straightforward chemical changes to polymer networks, which create chemically bonded hydrogels with important mechanical characteristics and regulated degradation rates. Furthermore, the addition of diverse kinds of nanoparticles, as well as polymer networks, to carrageenan hydrogels results in hybrid platforms with noteworthy mechanical, chemical, and biological characteristics, which qualify them as appropriate biomaterials for tissue engineering (TE), drug delivery (DD), and also wound healing applications. Our goal in this article is to provide an overview of the most current developments in hybrid carrageenan-based platforms and several chemical modification techniques for TE and DD applications. © 2025 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Probiotics are live beneficial microorganisms that confer health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts, have gained considerable scientific and commercial interest for their ability to support gut health, strengthen immunity, and reduce disease risk. This review traces the genesis of probiotic science from its origins in traditional fermented foods to contemporary clinical applications, offering a conceptual understanding of its evolution. A clear distinction is drawn between endogenous probiotics, naturally resident in the human microbiome, and exogenous probiotics, introduced via dietary supplements and functional foods. The broad spectrum of documented health benefits is examined, encompassing digestive, immune, metabolic, neurological, and dermatological outcomes. Recent innovations are highlighted, including bioengineered probiotic strains with targeted therapeutic functions, the integration of probiotics with prebiotics as synbiotics, and advanced delivery systems such as microencapsulation and nanotechnology. Special attention is given to regulatory frameworks, with global comparisons and a focused case study on Argentina, alongside a structured roadmap for translating research into market-ready products. The review also addresses inclusivity in probiotic use, emphasizing safety considerations across diverse populations, and underscores the strain-specific nature of probiotic effects. Current challenges such as commercialization gaps, regulatory inconsistencies, and underexplored applications in non-digestive health domains are critically discussed. The conclusion calls for interdisciplinary collaboration among microbiologists, nutritionists, clinicians, and technologists to accelerate innovation, ensure equitable access, and maximize the potential of probiotics in promoting health and preventing disease. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

When nanotechnology is used in medicine, it makes it easier to find and treat a wide range of diseases. The potentially fatal disease multiple sclerosis (MS) has a disproportionately large impact on young people. One of the oral options for treating this condition is dimethyl fumarate (DMF). This study aimed to use platelet membranes and polymeric nanoparticles (PNs) to develop a drug delivery system that mimics biological cells to treat MS. Here, we produced and characterized solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) containing dimethyl fumarate (DMF). To make SLNs, DMF is combined with biocompatible lipids using hot emulsion and ultrasonication techniques. These DMF-SLNs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR spectroscopy, and a zeta meter instrument. Characterization revealed that the optimal SLNs had a polydispersity index of (0.28, 0.96, 0.77), a zeta potential of (-22.73 mV,-28.7 mV, and-30.13 mV), and a mean particle size of (562 nm, 1997 nm, and 849 nm). The results of this study suggest that the present formulation may be a potential longer-acting formulation for the improved management of MS. SLNs could significantly change the treatment of many illnesses by providing effective drug delivery. © 2025 by SPC (Sami Publishing Company).

Purpose of Review: In this review, an exploration of the biopolymer; carrageenan (CGN) has been provided with focus on elucidating its biological activities and the applications of its hydrogels in drug delivery, wound healing and tissue engineering. Recent Findings: Biomaterials are known substantial building blocks for regenerative medicine, drug delivery and tissue engineering. Amongst these, polymeric biomaterials have greater promise because of the versatility of their properties. CGN, a linear sulfated polysaccharide obtainable from seaweed and its associated hydrogels are promising candidates for several biomedical applications including wound healing, drug delivery and tissue engineering. Unique gelling mechanism, strong negative charge, strong water absorption property and the presence of several functional groups are the properties that project this biopolymer as suitable for these applications. The outlined properties notwithstanding, CGN like most biomaterials has some limitations including the uncontrollable exchange of ions in its hydrogels. The presence of functional groups on the polysaccharide provides an opportunity for its chemical modification; these modifications enhance the physicochemical properties of the hydrogels. Summary: The seaweed- derived CGN has several applications in the biomedical industry for tissue engineering, drug delivery and wound healing due to its outstanding inherent properties. Its applicability as well as those of it hydrogels can be enhanced by chemical modifications. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

Single and hybrid nanofluids have been widely employed in different thermal systems, showing notable thermal advancements. The current work examines zinc oxide (ZnO) and hybrid multi-wall carbon nanotubes-zinc oxide (MWCNT-ZnO)-based nanofluids to maximize the thermal energy of boilers and assist sustainability. Energetic parameters, such as boiler efficiency and electric power consumption, are also quantified for proposed nanofluids compared to conventional water. Moreover, an enviro-economic analysis was presented to show the CO2 emission minimization and electric energy cost savings on a daily basis. Experimental outcomes revealed that the MWCNT-ZnO hybrid nanofluid has increased the heat transfer rate, convective heat transfer coefficient, and Nu to about 4252 W, 1524 W/m2·K, and 226.19, when at 0.02 % and inlet temperature of 55.94 °C. However, minimum friction factor and pressure drop were reported for water compared to using ZnO and MWCNT-ZnO nanofluids. The hybrid nanofluid augmented boiler efficiency and electric power consumption by about 7 % and 43 %, respectively over water usage, indicating remarkable thermo-energetic progress. Moreover, the enviro-economic analysis results showed that using mono and hybrid nanofluids has decremented CO2 emissions and saved energy costs by about 22 % and 30 % by employing ZnO and MWCNT-ZnO nanofluids, respectively. © 2025 The Author(s)

With the recent turn toward a green and sustainable environment, the adoption of biopolymers and other natural alternatives to synthetic productions have seen a surge. The production of biopolymers composites offer a proposal for attaining an eco-friendly environment where the fossil fuel reliance for the production of everyday products is reduced. Furthermore, the technological innovations of the present day have encouraged and escalated the introduction of biopolymers in diverse industries and soon may level up their utilization in par with the petroleum-derived ones. Of recent, biopolymer composites combine properties of one biopolymer with another to obtain an enhanced complex that exhibits distinctive features. Biopolymer composites are processed through several methods including infiltration, electrospinning methods and in-situ methods and have achieved considerable global attention been currently utilized in biomedical, automotive, food, construction, and medical industries. Although the efficiency of biopolymer composites has not reached that of their petroleum counterparts, their eco-friendliness, biodegradability, and other qualities will inspire their continual investigation and exploitation. This article focuses on biopolymer composites. It discusses their types, techniques of processing, applications in diverse industries, limitations, and future recommendations. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025.

Manganese (Mn), an essential trace element, is important in various biochemical and physiological processes such as proper growth and development, digestion, immune response, energy metabolism, homeostasis, reproduction, and defense against oxidative stress through the enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in mitochondria of body cells. This review highlights the biological role and effects of manganese on human health as well as health condition associated with manganese. Furthermore, it discusses Mn distribution among people in Nigeria, Ghana and Egypt taking into cognizant the Mn status of food with a view of assessing their health status with respect to Mn. A daily intake of Mn that is insufficient is linked to a number of negative health effects, including reduced fertility, impaired bone formation, generalized growth impairment, and altered lipid, protein and carbohydrate metabolism. However, there are proposed strategy to mitigate Mn induced neurotoxicity. This review reveals there is insufficient data on Mn content of food consumed, drinking water and daily manganese intake of individuals including children in African countries like Nigeria, Ghana and Egypt. Available data reveals most of the popularly consumed food analyzed contains sufficient quantity of Mn and may provide the recommended daily intake (RDI) if the food items are adequately combined in their diet in these regions. Therefore, it is important to emphasize the need to evaluate the Mn content of food consumed, drinking water and daily intake of Mn in Nigeria, Ghana and Egypt. © 2025 Elsevier GmbH

This study investigates the potential corrosion inhibitory effect of 4-methyl-2-(1-aminoethyl)-1,3-thiazole (MAT) on mild steel in a corrosive 1 M HCl solution, utilizing weight loss techniques complemented by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The inhibition efficiency was found to increase with both the concentration of the inhibitor and the immersion time of the mild steel samples in the HCl solution. At an inhibitor concentration of 0.5 mM and an immersion time of 5 hours at 303 K, the inhibition efficiency reached an impressive 88.5%. Moreover, the effect of temperature on the inhibition efficiency was also studied, revealing a slight increase in efficiency with rising temperature, ranging from 303 to 333 K. The quantum chemical parameters computed by DFT provide insights into the molecular interactions and confirm the experimental results, enhancing our understanding of the inhibitor’s mechanism of action. Adsorption isotherm studies indicate that the inhibitor adheres to the Langmuir adsorption model, confirming the strong affinity of MAT for the metal surface. These findings underscore the potential of this compound as an effective corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acidic environments. The combination of experimental and theoretical approaches in this study offers a comprehensive understanding of the inhibitor’s performance, paving the way for the development of efficient and environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors for industrial applications. This study highlights the promising use of MAT in mitigating corrosion and contributes to the broader field of corrosion science. © 2025, Russian Association of Corrosion Engineers. All rights reserved.

Framed structures recovering efficiently after earthquakes is essential, especially in areas that regularly experience seismic disturbances. This study introduces a network-driven approach to evaluating post-earthquake recovery pathways, moving beyond conventional resilience assessments that rely on predefined recovery functions. By using complex network methodologies, the research models the interactions between structural components and repair sequences, enabling a dynamic assessment of how localized damage impacts overall recovery efficiency. The methodology integrates advanced network theory with structural engineering principles to identify critical nodes and links that influence post-earthquake functionality systematically. By constructing a network representation of the structural system, the study captures cascading failure effects and examines the influence of repair sequences on resilience. Unlike traditional models that often neglect repair order effects, this method explicitly incorporates the sequence of repairs, optimizing recovery paths based on network efficiency metrics. Key parameters such as repair prioritization, resource allocation, and downtime are analyzed to quantify resilience. Case studies on Reinforced Concrete (RC) frames subjected to seismic events highlight the importance of network centrality measures in identifying vulnerabilities and optimizing recovery strategies. The study considers realistic constraints to enhance practical applicability, including resource limitations and varying damage states. While the analysis focuses on planar frames, the methodology can be extended to Three-Dimensional (3D) structures with additional considerations for torsional effects. The findings offer understandings into structural design and post-earthquake decision-making, particularly for engineers and urban planners developing resilience-focused repair strategies. Future work aims to refine the approach by incorporating uncertainties in repair resources and comparing network-driven repair strategies with conventional methodologies. By establishing a structured framework for integrating complex network modeling into resilience assessment, this study advances the understanding of recovery mechanisms in seismic engineering. © 2025

Mild steel (MS) corrosion in acidic environments presents significant challenges due to the limitations of conventional inhibitors, including concerns related to toxicity and environmental impact. This research explores the potential of 2-(2-Aminopropyl)thiazole (APT) as an inhibitor for corrosion of MS in 1 M HCl environment through methodological and DFT combination study. The inhibitory performance of APT reached an impressive efficiency of 88.2 % under optimized conditions (0.5 mM inhibitor concentration, 303 K), demonstrating its promise as an environmentally friendly alternative. Analysis based on Langmuir adsorption isotherm indicated strong and specific interactions between APT molecules and the steel surface, suggesting the formation of a protective film over time. The correlation between inhibition efficiency, immersion time, and temperature revealed a gradual enhancement of the protective effect, with temperature positively influencing the inhibitor's effectiveness, indicative of a thermally activated adsorption process. Calculations of Density Functional Theory (DFT) supported experimental findings and provide insights into molecular interaction at the interface. Just in these case, the calculated theory of electron transfer suggested that the interaction between APT and the atoms of iron was more favorable what shifted the inhibition process in a good direction. This work not only provide important information about the role of corrosion inhibiting but also relies on a reliable methodology that can be genralised to the analysis of eco-friendly corrosive preventing substances. Moreover, the research results provide a basis for the future development of APT for industrial application, which will deal with the real-world problems in the world. Prog. Color Colorants Coat. © Institute for Color Science and Technology.

The advancement of computer and software technologies has facilitated the widespread adoption of spatial analysis, particularly Geographic Information Systems (GIS), representing one of the most transformative developments in modern cartographic applications. GIS capture the geographical and non-geographical data in a way that allows for visual interpretation and analysis. In the present work, the study area of Al-Mada'in is examined along with the topographic surface accuracies obtained by the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) and Spline methods, based on the sampling points’ number (40) and the grid size of 30 m. This study compares different interpolation algorithms using their respective prediction mean errors, prediction Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and Standard Deviation (STD). The IDW method showed a maximum elevation value of 48.332 m and a minimum of 39.028 m with a mean of 44.265 m, an STD of 2.512 m, and an RMSE of 1.585 m. In contrast, the Spline method achieved a higher accuracy, recording a maximum value of 47.934 m and a minimum value of 39.453 m. It also achieved a mean value of 44.339 m, an STD of 2.345 m, and a lower RMSE of 1.531 m. According to the experimental findings on biased and normalized data, Spline outperformed the IDW approach as it demonstrated a more accurate and superior interpolation inside the sample space. © (2025), (Engineering). All rights reserved.

This research explores the corrosion inhibition efficiency of 1-benzyl-5-imino-3-hydroxypyrazoline (BIHP) for low carbon steel in hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution. The study assesses BIHP’s performance using weight loss measurements, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Experimental results demonstrate that BIHP offers an impressive inhibition efficiency of 93% at 303 K during a 5-hour immersion period. Weight loss measurements show a significant decrease in corrosion rates with increasing immersion times (1, 5, 10, 24, and 48 hours), with the inhibition efficiency stabilizing after 10 hours. Furthermore, an increase in inhibition efficiency was demonstrated with increasing temperature from 303 to 333 K. The adsorption of BIHP molecules on the low-carbon steel surface followed the Langmuir model suggesting both physical and chemical adsorption mechanisms. With the help of density functional theory calculations, the most important parameters related to the molecular ability as corrosion inhibitors including the EHOMO, ELUMO, Egap, and issues related to chemical reactions, including total hardness (η), electronegativity (χ), and electron fraction transitions from the anti-corrosion molecule to the low carbon steel (ΔN), were calculated. © 2025, Russian Association of Corrosion Engineers. All rights reserved.

Photostabilizing polymeric materials is crucial for protecting them from damage by UV irradiation. Recent advancements have significantly enhanced polymer resistance to photooxidation and harsh environmental conditions by developing polymeric additives designed to act as photostabilizers. The present study assesses the significant impact of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) on enhancing the surface properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and paving the way for more durable applications. The reaction of PMMA and propylenediamine led to the incorporation of amino residues, which was followed by the attachment of various metal oxide NPs, namely nickel oxide (NiO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), magnesium oxide (MgO), and zinc oxide (ZnO). Thin PMMA films doped with metal oxide NPs experienced reduced photodegradation compared to PMMA films containing the amino residues only. Of the metal oxide NPs studied, PMMA doped with ZnO NPs exhibited the lowest level of weight loss and surface damage caused by UV irradiation. These findings indicate the potential of metal oxide NPs in enhancing the photostability and surface properties of PMMA, contributing to the development of more durable polymeric materials. © 2025 The Polymer Society of Korea. All rights reserved.

Purpose of Review: This review provides a comprehensive overview of the evolving role of dietary fibers, with particular attention to underutilized sources and their innovative applications in the food industry. It presents a concise synthesis of key themes, including fiber classification, health benefits, and food-based applications, underscoring the growing importance of dietary fiber in modern nutrition. Recent Findings: The paper uniquely emphasizes the prebiotic properties of fibers and their impact on food texture—an essential factor in the formulation of functional foods. It also explores the rising trend of fiber enrichment in everyday products such as bread, dairy alternatives, and meat substitutes, aiming to boost nutritional value while preserving consumer appeal. A critical gap identified in the literature is the limited research on synthetic dietary fibers, especially concerning their regulatory hurdles and potential health risks. While the advantages of natural fibers are well-established, there is insufficient evidence regarding the long-term effects of synthetic fibers on gut microbiota and metabolic health. Summary: This review calls for more in-depth investigations into synthetic fibers, particularly in relation to their synergistic effects with probiotics and their contribution to gut health. By addressing these emerging areas, the paper highlights the complex landscape of fiber utilization in food innovation and the need for continued research to optimize their role in contemporary diets. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

Numerous skin ailments including acne, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis are a consequence of a compromised skin barrier. Working together with other immune cells of similar functions, the skin is seen as been intricately implicated in innate immunity. This is because several immunological reactions get initiated within the body upon the disruption of the skin barrier. More lately, an increased understanding of skin flora further elucidates the numerous connections linking the immune cells of the body and the skin flora. Vitamins are a very important class of trace elements that exert anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The development of skin ailments can be impeded by the immunomodulatory activities of vitamins. Exploring the immuno-pharmacology of these trace elements, especially as regards skin diseases may pioneer a new therapeutic trail for the management of skin ailments. This review discusses several micronutrients; vitamins (A, B1, B2, B3, B12, C, D, E) and the roles they play in health, immunity and diseases. © 2025 The Authors

The growing demand for improved food safety has fueled significant interest in antimicrobial polymeric coatings for food contact surfaces. This review offers a thorough examination of various antimicrobial coatings, including natural biopolymer­based, synthetic, and hybrid composites, spotlighting their modes of action and effectiveness in combating microbial contam­ination. It explores key antimicrobial agents such as metal-based compounds, natural antimicrobials, and synthetic chemi­cals, discussing their unique properties and potential applications. Equally, the review evaluates different testing methods for antimicrobial efficacy and identifies critical performance factors, including environmental conditions, surface properties, and the type of microbial contaminants. The hurdles and limitations of these coatings are also addressed, including concerns about durability, health and environmental impacts, and economic viability. Through detailed case studies, this review syn­thesizes current knowledge and offers insights into future research, with a particular focus on biodegradable polymers and innovative natural antimicrobials. The findings emphasize the potential of antimicrobial coatings to enhance food safety and inform the development of sustainable food packaging technologies, supporting advancements in health-conscious and envi­ronmentally friendly industrial applications. © 2025, V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of the Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

This study's objective was to describe Typha Latifolia treated (Tyla) and untreated Tyla. Polypropylene (PP)/Typha Latifolia (Tyla) composite thermal characteristics and morphology were also examined. The surface of Tyla was modified with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to explore the fiber's exterior treatments impact on the surface interaction between fiber and matrix. Grafted polyolefin with maleic anhydride as the catalyst (MAPP) was also employed as the matrix and fiber compatibilizer. The z-blade and hot press was used to prepare composites. FTIR, or Fourier Transformation in Infrared, was utilized to describe both the treated with untreated Tyla fiber. TGA (Thermogravimetry Analyzer) was employed to investigate The properties of heat of PP and PP combinations. Stereo micrographs were used to analyses the morphology of a fragmented composite surface. The FTIR analysis revealed that functional clusters like (OH, C-H, C=O, C-O) had been removed from the Tyla structure. In Tyla content, that functional group signifies hemicellulose and water content. TGA curves revealed a considerable an improvement in thermal durability behavior of treated and untreated PP composites. When comparing treated and untreated Tyla, compared to untreated Tyla, treated Tyla has greater thermal stability. Tyla. The morphology of a broken composite surface reveals revealed the treated fiber composite had superior distribution compared to the composite with not being treated fiber. © 2025 Author(s).

This review aims to provide a comprehensive acumen of food spoilage mechanisms, foodborne diseases, and the commercial dimensions of food preservation and processing. It begins with an exploration of the processes contributing to food degradation, such as enzymatic reactions, microbial growth, and chemical changes, emphasizing their impact on food safety and quality. The review highlights the dangers posed by foodborne diseases caused by pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, and stresses the importance of proper handling, storage, and preparation techniques to mitigate these risks. Key findings reveal the evolving commercial strategies in food preservation and processing, including innovative packaging solutions, advanced storage methods, and state-of-the-art technologies like nanotechnology and smart packaging. These advancements not only extend shelf life but also enhance safety and marketability. Food preservation remains an essential practice to ensure food availability, safety, and quality in a dynamic world. Integrating traditional methods with modern technologies offers promising solutions to address global challenges such as food security, waste reduction, and sustainability. Emerging innovations, such as nanotechnology and real-time monitoring through smart packaging, present exciting opportunities for reducing waste and improving safety, ultimately contributing to a sustainable and efficient food industry. © 2024 The Author(s)

In recent years, bamboo seems to have attracted the attention of researchers due to its advantages over synthetic polymers including being renewable, environmentally friendly, and fully biodegradable. Bamboo fibers at (9, 13, and 18 wt%) are filled with epoxy resin and the effects of mixing the bamboo fibers on mechanical properties were studied. In this paper, the tensile properties and performance of natural bamboo fiber powder-reinforced epoxy polymer matrix-based composites were investigated at three different curing temperatures ranging from T26 °C, T38 °C, and T50 °C. The results showed that the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the bamboo fiber/epoxy composites increased at T26 °C are 41.6 MPa and 2.84 GPa, respectively, for particle size 0.52 μm at a weight loading of 13 %. The increase in tensile strength is due to the excellent fiber matrix interface adhesion. However, it was found that the samples tested under T26 °C for bamboo fiber-reinforced epoxy composites acquired better tensile strength than those tested under the high temperatures of T38 °C and T50 °C. According to the analysis of the flexural characteristics of bamboo particle/epoxy composites, the composite with 1.5 μm particle size has the highest flexural strength at 13 wt% weight loading, measuring 105 MPa. The composite with a 1.5 μm particle size at 18 wt% loading records the maximum impact strength of, 5593 J/m2. This work provides a new approach for the development of lightweight and high-strength composite from natural fiber and polymer. © 2024

β-glucans have garnered significant attention due to their numerous health-promoting and prebiotic attributes. β-glucans, a group of bioactive substance, are known to have biological effects such as immune-modulating, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-senescence, hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic properties. Owing to its unique physical characteristics including its solubility, viscosity and gelation, the food industry and other sectors have witnessed a rise in the utilization of β-glucan. This study aims to present an overview of β-glucan manufacturing technologies, including extraction, isolation, and purification methods from different sources, comprising of bacteria, fungi and plants such as cereals, with the intention of enhancing these techniques for more productive manufacturing procedures. Additionally, β-glucans' physical characteristics, chemical alterations, prospective industrial uses, and future application prospects in food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and other potentially value-added product are outlined research suggest that β-glucans will become more significant in the global food and health sectors in the future. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd

Corrosion becomes a severe problem in several sectors due to its various effects. The present work focusing for corrosion inhibition efficiency of mild steel in 1 M HCl using 7-mercapto-4-methylcoumarin (MMC) through experimental and theoretical methods. Thus, the key goal is to understand to what extents MMC is efficient in avoiding corrosion in various situations. With this end in view, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), dynamic polarization (DP) test and weight loss measurements were carried out. The outcomes showed the fact that corrosion mitigation efficiency was directly proportional to the concentration MMC but it was negatively proportional to temperature. The highest inhibition efficiency, up to the 95.8 %, was demonstrated at an inhibitor concentration of 0.5 mM. Based on Langmuir adsorption isotherm the wear properties of the mild steel indicated a mixed passive nature during MMC interactions. Additionally, quantum chemical calculations, including density functional theory (DFT), were achieved to determine the MMC molecular structure and its inhibition efficiency relationships. Key parameters such as the energy gap (Egap), EHOMO, ELUMO, hardness (η), softness, electronegativity (χ), and electron fraction transitions (ΔN) were also determine. The results from these computations were confirmed with the experimental results, confirming the mixed inhibition characteristics of MMC. The variation in activation energy in the presence of tested inhibitor further validated its effective as a corrosion inhibitor, with comprehensive insights into its potential industrial usages. © 2024 The Author(s)

Allium sativum (garlic) has long been known as a very valuable plant for the management of numerous diseases even from time immemorial. The plant exhibits antimicrobial activities over a wide range of microorganism like parasites, fungi, virus and other pathogens. This broad- spectrum of antimicrobial activity coupled with the low toxicity of Allium sativum are an attraction to scientists and it has therefore been vastly employed as a therapeutic cure in contemporary society. The therapeutic properties of garlic (antibacterial, antiviral, fungicidal, anti-cardiovascular disease, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-blood pressure, antiatherosclerosis, antirheumatic, hyperlipidaemia) are linked to the sulphur compounds it contains (diallyl disulfide, allicin, diallyl trisulfide, ajoene's, vinyl-dithiin, micronutrient selenium and S-allylcystein) and these actions are through certain mechanisms such as; inhibition of DNA transcription, cellular growth phase arrest, regulation of quorum sensing, etc. The therapeutic potentials of the sulphur compounds in garlic are considered in this review as well as some mechanisms by which these actions are elicited. © 2024

This study investigates the mechanical properties of carbon and natural fiber-reinforced Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG) composites produced via Additive Manufacturing (AM), focusing on Material Extrusion (MEX). The performance of filaments made from pre-consumer recycled PLA (rPLA) and PETG, with varying weight percentages of hemp and jute short fibers, was evaluated through tensile testing. Comparisons were made between the original filaments (PLA, carbon fiber-reinforced PLA [CF–PLA], and PETG) and their recycled versions. Multi-material compositions—neat PLA and PETG, single-graded (PLA + CF–PLA, PETG + CF–PETG), and multi-gradient (PLA + CF–PLA + PLA, PETG + CF–PETG + PETG)—were analyzed for mechanical properties. Optical microscope images of multi-material specimens were captured before and after fracture to assess failure mechanisms. The results indicate that the original CF–PETG filaments achieved a tensile strength of 50.14 MPa, which is higher than rPLA, PLA, and CF–PLA by 2%, 70%, and 6.7%, respectively. The re-manufactured PLA filaments reinforced with 7 wt% hemp fibers exhibited a tensile strength of 38.8 MPa, representing a 29% increase compared to the original PLA filaments and a 26% improvement over recycled PLA. Additionally, incorporating 7% jute fiber into PETG resulted in a tensile strength of 62.38 MPa, reflecting a 12% improvement over the original PETG filaments and a 15% increase compared to the recycled PETG filaments. Among specimens produced by AM, CF–PLA and rPLA demonstrated the highest tensile and compressive strengths. However, multi-material composites showed reduced mechanical performance compared to neat PLA and PETG, highlighting the need for improved interlayer adhesion. This study emphasizes the importance of optimizing material combinations and fiber reinforcement to enhance the mechanical properties of composites produced through AM. © 2024 by the authors.

In the realm of materials science and corrosion mitigation, the utilization of inhibitors has garnered substantial attention for safeguarding metal assets. This research delves into the proficient utilization of 4-phenyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-3-thiosemicarbazide (PP-3-T) as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in hydrochloric acid (HCl) solutions, as evaluated through weight loss measurements. The investigation reveals that the incorporation of PP-3-T into the HCl medium engenders a significant enhancement in the corrosion resistance of mild steel, attributed to the formation of a protective barrier via PP-3-T molecule adsorption. A notable finding of this study is the independence of the corrosion inhibition efficiency on variables such as PP-3-T concentration, immersion time, and temperature. The best inhibition efficiency of 96.1% for mild steel immersed in 1 M HCl solution is achieved in the presence of 0.5 mM PP-3-T. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect diminishes significantly as immersion time is extended from 10 to 48 hours at a constant PP-3-T concentration, highlighting the time-sensitive nature of the inhibition process. Alterations in temperature within the range of 303 to 333 K exhibit negligible impact on inhibition efficiency, indicating the robustness of the corrosion protection mechanism. The adsorption isotherm analysis accentuates the adherence of PP-3-T to the Langmuir adsorption model on mild steel, emphasizing the layer formation of the protective barrier. Insights from Density Functional Theory (DFT) quantum chemical calculations reveal critical molecular attributes of PP-3-T governing its corrosion inhibition potential. Parameters such as adsorption energy (ΔE), highest occupied molecular orbital energy (EHOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (ELUMO), energy gap (Egap), as well as chemical reactivity indices encompassing total hardness (η), electronegativity (χ), and electron density transfer (ΔN), elucidate the corrosion inhibition mechanism of PP-3-T. In essence, this comprehensive study unveils the corrosion inhibition efficiency of PP-3-T for mild steel in HCl environments and elucidates the molecular underpinnings that govern its anti-corrosive prowess. These findings contribute to the expanding knowledge base concerning corrosion protection strategies and offer potential avenues for designing novel and efficient corrosion inhibitors. © 2024, Russian Association of Corrosion Engineers. All rights reserved.

The current study examined the nutrient qualities of cookies made from wheat/cashew nut composite flour blends. The wheat flour was partially replaced at different concentration of cashew paste for cookie production. Using standard methods, the physicochemical and sensory evaluation of cookies were ascertained. The result of the proximate composition showed that protein content varied from 11.31 % to 15.23 % while fat content 10.23–12.95 %. Phytochemical properties showed that tannin content ranged from 0.28 to 0.64 g/100 g while the phytate content varied from 3.71 to 4.12 g/100 g. Mineral content result showed that sodium content ranged from 122.45 to 163.55 mg/100 g while the potassium content 59.60–70.60 mg/100 g. The Na/K ratio ranged from 2.29 to 2.47 which is a positive sign that the cookies could be beneficial as functional food for those who have high blood pressure and other cardiovascular conditions. Baking characteristic of cookies showed that the weigh ranged from 13.40 to 19.47 g while the thickness ranged from 0.60 to 0.77 mm. Result from sensory attributes of the cookies showed that WC3 was the most generally accepted. The study concludes that nutritious cookies can be produced from wheat/cashew nut composite flour. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.

In recent years, the quest for environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors has led to the exploration of pharmaceutical compounds as promising alternatives. This mini-review explores the potential of harnessing pharmaceuticals for corrosion inhibition purposes within the framework of green chemistry principles. Highlighting the sustainable aspects of utilizing pharmaceuticals, this article discusses their inhibitive mechanisms, effectiveness, and compatibility with various corrosion protection strategies. Additionally, the environmental impact and biodegradability of pharmaceutical-based inhibitors are scrutinized. By integrating pharmaceutical compounds into corrosion inhibition strategies, this research aims to contribute to the development of eco-friendly solutions for metal protection in diverse industrial applications. Corrosion, a widespread electrochemical process, poses significant challenges across various industries, including infrastructure, manufacturing, and healthcare. Conventional corrosion inhibitors often contain toxic or environmentally harmful compounds, necessitating the search for safer and more sustainable alternatives. Pharmaceutical compounds, with their diverse chemical structures and inherent biocompatibility, present a promising avenue for corrosion inhibition. This review explores the mechanisms by which pharmaceutical compounds interact with metal surfaces to inhibit corrosion, including adsorption-based mechanisms and film-forming processes. Furthermore, the inhibitive performance of pharmaceutical inhibitors is evaluated through experimental and theoretical studies, comparing their effectiveness with conventional inhibitors. In addition to their corrosion inhibition properties, pharmaceutical compounds offer advantages in terms of biodegradability and low environmental impact. By examining the environmental footprint of pharmaceutical-based inhibitors and their compatibility with green chemistry principles, this review assesses their potential for promoting sustainability in corrosion protection practices. Moreover, the integration of pharmaceutical inhibitors into coatings, inhibitors, and other corrosion protection strategies is discussed, highlighting their versatility and effectiveness in diverse applications. Through interdisciplinary collaboration and innovative research efforts, the utilization of pharmaceutical compounds as corrosion inhibitors holds promise for addressing corrosion challenges while minimizing environmental impact. This review aims to provide researchers and industry professionals with valuable insights into the role of pharmaceuticals in sustainable corrosion protection and to guide future research directions in this evolving field. © 2024, Russian Association of Corrosion Engineers. All rights reserved.

Nigerian pepper soup, a traditional dish deeply rooted in the country's culinary heritage, holds significant cultural importance both year-round and during festivities. Despite its name, the dish is primarily seasoned with chili peppers, rather than black pepper, giving it its characteristic heat and flavor. This research explores the cultural and health significance of Nigerian pepper soup, with a particular focus on its antimicrobial properties. Ingredients such as ginger, garlic, and chili peppers have been shown to possess antioxidant and antibacterial qualities, contributing to the soup's reputed healing properties. The dish showcases a variety of flavors and ingredients, including goat, chicken, assorted meats, catfish, and even vegetarian adaptations, catering to diverse palates. Additionally, the study examines modern adaptations, such as fusion flavors and health-conscious versions, alongside the traditional recipe. This comprehensive exploration highlights the dish's cultural importance, rich flavors, and potential health benefits, securing its place as a standout in both Nigerian and global culinary traditions. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.

This study explores the inhibitory properties of 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (2HNT) on mild steel corrosion in 1 M hydrochloric acid. The investigation of adsorption and inhibition mechanisms employed weight loss analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and density functional theory (DFT) techniques. Adsorption parameters were derived using various theoretical approaches. Optimal inhibitive efficacy, reaching 93.88%, was observed at a concentration of 500.0 ppm for the inhibitor during a 10-hour immersion period at 303 K. The study further examined the impact of immersion durations (5, 10, 24, and 48 hours) and inhibitor concentrations (100–1000 ppm) at 303 K, revealing 10 hours as the optimum immersion time. Inhibition efficiency increased with rising inhibitor concentration and remained steady beyond 10 hours up to 48 hours. Temperature effects were explored for different inhibitor concentrations, with 10 hours identified as the optimal immersion time. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm model was employed to elucidate the adsorption inhibition mechanism. Changes in activation energy values indicated distinct interactions between inhibitor molecules and the mild steel surface. Scanning electron microscopy analyses confi0rmed inhibitor molecule adsorption and the formation of a protective film on the mild steel surface. The mild steel-inhibitor interaction was scrutinized through DFT, revealing a minimal energy gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). The experimental and theoretical findings demonstrated congruence, affirming the efficacy of 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde thiosemicarbazone as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in hydrochloric acid. © 2024, Russian Association of Corrosion Engineers. All rights reserved.

This study explores the potential of a compound named 1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone thiosemicarbazone (TET) to protect mild steel from rusting in a harsh acidic environment (hydrochloric acid). We tested how well TET performs at different temperatures and exposure times. The results show that TET can be highly effective in preventing corrosion, achieving a maximum protection of almost 90%. Interestingly, its effectiveness increases as you add more TET, but decreases slightly at higher temperatures. Further analysis suggests that TET forms a protective layer on the steel surface. To understand this process better, we used computer modeling to examine the molecule’s structure and properties. This analysis revealed factors that contribute to TET’s ability to inhibit corrosion. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into TET’s potential as a corrosion inhibitor. It paves the way for designing even more effective and environmentally friendly solutions to protect metals from rust. © 2024, Russian Association of Corrosion Engineers. All rights reserved.

The corrosion inhibition potential of 2-piperazin-1-yl-1,3-benzothiazole (PYB) for mild steel in 1.0 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) was comprehensively investigated through weight loss measurements and quantum chemical calculations. The study delved into the influence of various corrosion inhibition parameters, including PYB concentration, immersion times, and temperature. Remarkably, the highest inhibition efficiency of PYB reached 90.7% at a concentration of 0.5 mM and a temperature of 303 K. Notably, inhibition efficiency demonstrated an upward trend with increasing concentration. Weight loss techniques affirmed that inhibition efficiency correspondingly increased with prolonged immersion times, as well as with elevated temperature. Furthermore, the observed higher inhibition performance with increasing temperature was corroborated by the calculated ΔG° values, suggesting that PYB actively participates in both physical and chemical adsorption processes on the mild steel surface. The adsorption phenomenon adhered to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, as supported by experimental and theoretical findings, which exhibited commendable agreement. This study presents a comprehensive understanding of the corrosion inhibition mechanism of PYB, offering valuable insights for future applications in corrosion mitigation strategies. © 2024, Russian Association of Corrosion Engineers. All rights reserved.

A sensitive, accurate, and affordable colorimetric method was developed for assaying prednisolone (PRZ) in various medicinal forms. The procedure involves the oxidation of PRZ by ferric ions, followed by complexation of the resulting ferrous ions with ferricyanide to produce a greenish-blue product. Common complexation conditions were thoroughly investigated. The mole ratio of FeCl3·6H2O to K3Fe(CN)6 was 8:1. The proposed mechanism of complexation was suggested and considered. Various parameters were optimized, including the reduction of the colorimetric reaction temperature to 50°C and the duration of heating and analysis to 20-30 minutes. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 1-60 µg/mL. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.5 μg/mL and 1 μg/mL, respectively. Spiking actual samples with standard PRZ showed recoveries within the 97.3-100.1% range. The method exhibited high precision, with an RSD% of less than 1.5%. Additionally, the study confirmed that common pharmaceutical excipients did not interfere. Real medicinal samples, including tablets, syrup, eye drops, and creams, were successfully examined for direct analysis of PRZ using the developed methodology, demonstrating its suitability for routine analysis of various PRZ-containing drug formulations. © 2024 Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya. All rights reserved.

This study investigates the use of cucumber peel extract (CPE) as a sustainable and eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for low-carbon steel in 0.5 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The research aims to address the environmental concerns associated with traditional corrosion inhibitors by exploring the potential of natural, biodegradable substances. The effects of temperature and inhibitor concentration on corrosion rates were examined using the weight loss method, providing a quantitative measure of the corrosion process. Results demonstrate that CPE significantly reduces the corrosion rate of low-carbon steel in acidic environments, making it a promising alternative to synthetic inhibitors. The inhibition efficiency of CPE was found to increase with higher inhibitor concentrations but decrease with rising temperatures. The highest inhibition efficiency recorded was 87.4% at 30°C with a CPE concentration of 10 mL/ L, indicating substantial protection under optimal conditions. Adsorption studies revealed that CPE’s behavior adheres to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model, suggesting monolayer adsorption on the steel surface. This study highlights the potential of cucumber peel extract as an effective and environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor, encouraging further exploration and application of natural extracts in corrosion prevention. The findings provide a basis for the development of green corrosion inhibitors that can contribute to sustainable industrial practices. © 2024, Russian Association of Corrosion Engineers. All rights reserved.

This research investigates the potential of 2-((2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)acetic acid (CAE) to inhibit mild steel corrosion in 1 M hydrochloric acid using gravimetrical methods and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The study explores the adsorption and inhibition mechanisms through weight loss analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The inhibitor exhibited a maximum efficacy of 87.5% at a concentration of 0.5 mM after a 10-hour immersion period at 303 K. Experiments conducted at different immersion times (5, 10, 24, and 48 hours) revealed 10 hours to be the most effective duration for the chosen inhibitor concentrations (0.1–1.0 mM) at 303 K. Inhibition efficiency increased proportionally with rising inhibitor concentration and remained stable beyond 10 hours up to 48 hours. The influence of temperature on the inhibition process was studied for varying inhibitor concentrations. Here again, 10 hours emerged as the optimal immersion time. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm model was successfully applied to understand the inhibitor’s adsorption behavior on the mild steel surface. The variation in activation energy demonstrated that particular binding incidents existed between the inhibitor compounds and the cast mild steel surface. The DFT calculations made this interaction more vivid by providing more insight into them. Analysis found a slight difference in energy between HOMO and LUMO which proved the inhibitor effectiveness. The relevant data of the experiments and calculations show a good correspondence, which proves the efficacy of CAE as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in HCl environment. © 2024, Russian Association of Corrosion Engineers. All rights reserved.

This research investigates the corrosion inhibition efficacy of 1-mesitylethanone thiosemicarbazone (MTSC), a Schiff base, on mild steel in HCl solution. The study employs weight loss assessment to analyze the corrosion inhibition properties, focusing on the influence of various MTSC concentrations during immersion periods at 303 K. The immersion times considered are 1, 5, 10, 24 and 48 hours. Additionally, the effect of temperature variation (303, 313, 323, and 333 K) on the inhibition efficiency of MTSC is examined. The experimental results reveal an optimal inhibitor concentration of 0.5 mM and an immersion time of 5 hours, where MTSC demonstrates an impressive maximum inhibition efficiency of 93.7%. Furthermore, the CR decreases from 6.62 mg·cm–2·h–1 at 0 mM inhibitor concentration to 0.34 mg·cm–2·h–1 at the optimal concentration, highlighting a significant reduction in corrosion. The concentration-dependent nature of inhibition efficiency is established, with inhibition efficiencies of 75.4%, 83.6%, 89.1% and 92.3% observed at concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 mM, respectively. An inverse relationship between inhibition efficiency and temperature is also observed, with inhibition efficiencies of 93.7%, 90.2%, 87.6% and 84.3% recorded at temperatures of 303, 313, 323 and 333 K, respectively. Furthermore, adsorption isotherm analysis indicates conformity to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The free energy of adsorption (ΔG0ads) is calculated to be –33.16 kJ·mol–1, providing insights into the adsorption process. In parallel, density functional theory is employed to unravel the inhibition mechanism. The theoretical studies were achieved in the form of the parameters of EHOMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital), ELUMO (Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital), (nucleophilic index), (electronegativity), (chemical potential), and ΔN (the number of electrons transferred). It was observed that the obtained theoretical results are in suitable agreement with the experimental findings. Hence, it provides a complete idea about the corrosion inhibition nature of MTSC. © 2024, Russian Association of Corrosion Engineers. All rights reserved.

Steel corrosion in acidic environments, poses a formidable challenge with conventional inhibitors, often burdened by issues of toxicity, and environmental impact. This study, addresses this challenge, by investigating the suitability of N-piperazinyl-2-furanylketone (NPF) as a green inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M HCl, employing a combined experimental and theoretical approaches. NPF demonstrated an outstanding inhibition efficiency of 93.6% under optimal conditions with an inhibitor concentration of 0.5 mM, at 303 K, showcasing its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative. The efficacy of NPF aligns well with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm indicating a robust and specific interaction between NPF molecules and the steel surface. Further analysis revealed a positive correlation between inhibition efficiency and both immersion time and temperature, suggesting a gradual formation of a protective film on the metal surface. It is worth noting that increasing the temperature enhanced the effectiveness of the tested inhibitor, indicating a thermally activated adsorption process. Theoretical calculations using density functional theory (DFT) supported the experimental results and provided insight into the molecular interactions at the interface. The calculated electron transfer parameter highlighted the positive interaction between NPF and iron atoms enhancing the observed inhibition mechanism. The study, giving the energy of NPF to be green inhibitor corrosion, among others, depicts a very effective method that can be used for evaluating the mechanism and efficacy of these ecofriendly alternatives. Besides synthetic applications studies can also be designed on real world scenarios hence, also capable of optimizing the performances of NPF for bulk industrial productions. © 2024, Russian Association of Corrosion Engineers. All rights reserved.

A spectrophotometric determination of azithromycin was optimized using the simplex model. The approach proved to be accurate and sensitive. The analyte reacted with bromothymol blue (BTB) to form a colored ion pair, which was extracted in chloroform in a buffer medium of pH 4 potassium phthalate. The extracted colored product was assayed at 415 nm, exhibiting a linear quantification range of 1-20 µg/mL. The LOD was 0.671 µg/mL, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998 and an RSD% of 0.96±0.2. The molar absorptivity was 20253.5 L/mol·cm. The excipients did not interfere with the proposed method for assaying azithromycin in curative formulations. © 2024 Malaysian Abstracting and Indexing System. All rights reserved.

When nanotechnology is used in medicine, it makes it easier to find and treat a wide range of diseases. One of the oral options for treating multiple sclerosis (MS) is dimethyl fumarate (DMF). DMF has been shown to be effective in lowering inflammatory diseases; nevertheless, it is characterized by several undesirable side effects that reduce patient compliance and add financial obstacles. The aim of this study was to use platelet membranes and platelet na-noparticles to generate a drug delivery system that works like a cell, so as to treat MS. During the experiments, there is a chance that the DMF solution might harden at room temperature. Therefore, in order to produce solid lipid nano-particles (SLNs), DMF was combined with biocompatible lipids. The creation of SLNs involved the use of hot emulsion and ultrasonication. These DMF-SLNs were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The herein demonstrated enhanced qualities of the devised SLNs suggest that the formulation may be a potential, longer-acting formulation for the improved management of MS. SLNs could change the way many illnesses are treated in a big way, if they are used for the delivery of medicines. © 2024 by the authors.

The Natural Rubber (NR) blend with Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) loaded with different fraction ratios of NR were prepared. Various ratios of NR namely 25-55 part per hundred rubber part (phr) were prepared. The ratios of SBR ranging 45-75 phr from the masterbatch were blended. The rheological and mechanical properties of pure blends and those loaded with different fraction ratios of NR were investigated. Rheological properties analysis has been showing improvement in most blend ratio until 40 phr NR. Parameters such as initial, minimum and maximum torques, Mooney viscosity, and thermo-plasticity were recorded. The overall enhancement is observed in cure rate and induction time in relation with NR loading up to 50phr NR, then declined in above this ratio. The mechanical properties, namely hardness, tensile strength, and Young modulus were improved as NR content increases to nearly 40 phr NR while elongation improved by 35% only. The young modulus results show random behaviour and the maximum value was at the content of 40-45 phr NR. Accordingly, the 40 phr NR blend was found to exhibit the highest values of the most rheological and mechanical properties. © 2023 Author(s).

Maintenance in Iraqi oil and gas (O&G) firms is critical in providing customers with operations, maintenance, and services for O&G products. In recent decades, fresh theories for enhancing the performance of the oil and gas business, such as lean management and six sigma, have emerged. The lean management concept is used in this study to improve services and maintenance in the Iraqi O&G industry. A quantitative technique was used to reach the study's aim, including a questionnaire that was produced and sent electronically. The assessment was undertaken at the Najaf refinery in southern Iraq and the A-Dora refinery in the centre of Iraq. It was discovered that finding value in lean management plays no significant effect on maintenance performance in the Iraqi O&G industry. Furthermore, it was discovered that the map value stream greatly influences maintenance performance and that establishing flow in lean management has no substantial impact on maintenance performance in the O&G business. Furthermore, the data showed that establishing pull has no substantial impact on the O&G industry's maintenance performance and that chasing perfection has no significant impact on maintenance performance. The researcher made several recommendations and future work proposals to increase O&G maintenance performance. © 2023 Taylor's University. All rights reserved.