Scopus Research — Najah Mahdi Lateef Al-Maimuri

The current article goals to synthesize of silicon carbide(SiC)/silicon nitride(Si3N4) nanomaterials doped polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) as a promising nanocomposites films to employ in various optoelectronics fields. When compare with other films of nanocomposites, the PVA/SiC/Si3N4 films have distinguished optical properties, inexpensive, superior physical and chemical properties make them suitable for many futuristic applications. The morphological, structural, and optical features of PVA/SiC/Si3N4 films were examined. The morphological and structural features involved FTIR and optical microscope (OM). The results showed the absorbance of PVA/SiC/Si3N4 films is high at (UV-S) Ultraviolet spectra. The PVA absorbance enhanced of 90% at λ = 320 nm(UV-S) while its increase of 95.7% at λ = 800 nm (NIR-S) when the SiC/Si3N4 ratio reached of 3.9 wt.%. These results make the PVA/SiC/Si3N4 films are important and promising for NIR sensing, UV blocking and other optoelectronics applications. The PVA energy gap reduced from 4.7 eV to 2.8 eV and from 4.2 eV to 1.4 eV when the SiC/Si3N4 NPs content reached of 3.9 wt.% for allowed and forbidden transitions, and this performance made them welcomed in numerous optoelectronics and photonics approaches. The refractive index was increased from 2.05 to 2.6 at UV-spectra (λ = 200 nm) with rising the SiC/Si3N4 NPs content to 3.9 wt.%. The optical factors: absorption coefficient; extinction coefficient; real and imaginary dielectric constants of PVA were enhanced with increasing SiC/Si3N4 NPs content; these results cause to made the PVA/SiC/Si3N4 films are appropriate in optical applications. The PVA optical conductivity is improved about 94.3% at λ = 320 nm while the SiC/Si3N4 content reached of 3.9 wt.%. These values are appropriate for promising optical applications. Finally, the realized results established the PVA/SiC/Si3N4 films can be useful for promising optoelectronics fields. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2025.

The current problem of freshwater scarcity on the global scale requires the creation of effective and environmentally friendly technologies in desalination. Solar stills are also positive in terms of providing significant potential solution, especially in the arid and remote areas, however, the adoption of such systems is constrained by low rates of evaporation and productivity. This is a systematic review that examines the latest developments that have been trying to beat these constraints through improving the process of evaporation in solar desalinations systems. The methodological framework divides and analyses innovations on four interdependent pillars, including material-based advances, structural and design advances, systems integration and approaches, and modeling, simulation, and maximization. The review lists material-based improvements in performance, such as carbonized manure evaporators (2.25 kg m−2 h−1) and nano-graphite wicks (30.9 % yield improvement) and structural and hybrid strategies which have increased the yield by as much as 95 %. The synergistic schemes of using improved photothermal material is deduced as effective structural configurations and hybrid energy consumption are the key to getting beyond the conventional performance limits, achieving high evaporation rates (e.g. up to 6.12 kg m−2 h−1 in multi-stage system) and costs of water production could be as low as 0.018 $/L. These breakthroughs would be essential in creating the future generation of the affordable, scalable, and effective solar desalination systems. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd

This study reviews recent advances in using nanofluids to enhance double-pipe heat exchanger (DPHE) efficiency. The review examines several types of nanofluids, that is, water-based graphene oxide and CuO–water nanofluids, assessing their effectiveness under different operating conditions, including inlet temperature and nanoparticle volume concentration. Experimental findings demonstrate that the inclusion of nanofluids can lead to notable improvements in thermal performance factors and thermal exchange ratios, primarily due to enhanced thermal conductivity. The review shows that optimizing flow rate per unit volume and nanoparticle concentration can significantly reduce pressure drop while achieving a peak heat transfer coefficient. Furthermore, minimizing the concentration level would ensure efficient thermal performance with manageable pressure losses. Statistically, titanium dioxide nanofluids of 0.5% concentration can enhance thermal rates by 14.8%, while 115% improvement in heat transfer coefficients is ascertained using 0.6% concentration of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Using iron oxide nanofluids can rise heat transfer rates by 41.29%, with negligible pressure drop after exposure to a magnetic field. Furthermore, hybrid nanofluids of aluminum oxide–titanium dioxide can introduce 84% enhancement in thermal performance, emphasizing their potential to optimize heat transfer in DPHE. However, further investigation is required particularly with the use of advanced surfactants to further enhance the thermal conductivity of DPHEs, and the need for long-term stability assessments and cost–benefit analyses to support the industrial implementation of nanofluid-based thermal systems. © 2025 The Author(s). Heat Transfer published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

This study presents a comprehensive investigation into recent advancements in pyramid solar stills (PSS), focusing on how internal and external modifications have enhanced both performance and sustainability. The research critically examines the limitations of conventional solar stills in providing clean water and proposes innovative solutions to improve their productivity. Internal improvements like the integration of phase change materials (PCMs), Nanoparticles (e.g., TiO2 and CNT-water Nanofluids), and energy storage materials (e.g., paraffin wax and quartz rock), meaningfully improve desalination output. PCM integration alone enhances water productivity by 35 to 101.5%, while Nanoparticle application assures an efficiency gains ranging between 6.1 to 54.4%. External modifications such as the integration of solar collectors, reflectors, and forced condensation systems, has increased water productivity. Statistically, the with water yield increases to 194% with a thermal efficiency up to 62.4%. Hybrid systems, that integrate multiple modifications, establish the greatest performance enhancements, delivering up to a 166% productivity growth when PCMs and reflectors are utilised in tandem. The results highlight that optimised PSS, developed through multidisciplinary approaches, offer a potential, sustainable, and cost-effective solution for freshwater production. However, a number of barriers linked to component integration and large-scale applications remain. More importantly, the associated findings of this review have stated a foundational framework to advance the design and operation of solar desalination technologies. © The Author(s) 2026.

This review paper examines ventilation strategies in Net-Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs), with particular focus on balancing indoor air quality (IAQ) and building energy usage. The central question addressed is how ventilation systems can be optimized to meet sustainability goals while maintaining acceptable IAQ with minimal energy use. Reported findings show that heat recovery ventilators reduce HVAC energy by 13.5–19.7% in cold climates, while earth-to-air heat exchangers significantly lower summer demand in Mediterranean regions. Natural ventilation combined with passive design strategies achieve energy savings of up to 62% in educational buildings, and adaptive electrochromic systems yield annual savings of up to 26.6%. Conversely, mechanical ventilation has been shown to increase energy use by about 20% in some cases, underscoring the need for climate- and context-specific solutions. This review paper synthesizes mechanical, natural, hybrid, and smart ventilation performance in a climate-sensitive way, explicitly addressing trade-offs between energy efficiency and IAQ, the role of occupant behavior, and the long-term viability of different approaches when evaluated in an NZEB setting. The findings suggest that hybrid ventilation systems, powered by renewable energy and managed by intelligent controls, are among the most promising pathways toward NZEB targets. However, challenges related to climate variability and occupant behavior remain critical. The insights presented serve as a guideline for developing effective and sustainable ventilation solutions in NZEBs. © 2025 The Author(s).

The urgent need to find efficient and sustainable technological means of drying products is explained by the high post-harvest losses, unstable energy availability, and the harmful environmental effects caused by conventional ways of drying the products. This is a comprehensive review of the latest developments in HSDs that combine solar power with ancillary power sources, including heat pumps, biomass, geothermal, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), electricity, and wind power to maintain constant and regulated operation. This analysis, which extends to food and agricultural (e.g., fruits, vegetables, grains, spices), wood, medicinal plants, and new industrial applications (coffee and bricks), shows that hybrid designs are far more effective than the time-tested solar and open-sun drying systems. Hybrid types are much more efficient, exergy efficiencies are generally above 80 %, and Specific Moisture Extraction Rates (SMER) may go well above 0.87 kg/kWh, far out of the game compared with standalone systems. The most notable are significant reductions in drying time (as much as 70 %), the quality of the end product, and energy consumption. Moreover, the analysis of economic and environmental performance shows that payback time can be shortened (down to 0.08 years corresponds to approximately 29 days), a considerable amount of CO2 can be saved (up to 3074 kg/year per system), and operational costs can be saved on a significant scale. It ends by confirming that Hybrid Solar Dryers (HSDs) are a technologically viable and cost-effective solution to sustainable food preservation and biomass processing to bring predictability to situations when solar is unavailable and to improve energy security and environmental sustainability. The way forward should be to standardize performance measures, streamline control systems, and minimize initial capital costs to facilitate wider adoption. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd

This work aims to fabricate of PVA-GO new bionanocomposites films. The effect GO NPs on structural, morphological, optical features of PVA was investigated. The XRD and FTIR patterns demonstrated the presence of suitable peaks and shifts for the prepared composite material. These nanocomposites were then used to prepare artificial leather. The series of PVA/GO hydrogels with a fixed PVA ratio and varying the GO content at 0.1, 0.05, 0.025, and 0.012 wt% were prepared. We used a multiple freeze-thaw method to ensure the formation of a homogeneous porous structure, followed by ultrasonic treatments to disperse and distribute the GO within the polymer matrix. Samples were cured before and after cutting at room temperature, and the self-healing rate was measured through tests and monitoring the time course of shear strength and bond density. The preparation process focused on selecting the appropriate nanomaterial concentration to match the quality of the prepared leather in terms of durability, elasticity, and self-healing or repairing rate. This was done using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), optical microscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results showed that a concentration of 0.05% was the most suitable for preparation. This study represents a careful attempt to determine the optimal break-even point between the amount of GO available to build sufficient dynamic bonds and the ease of movement of the PVA chains; the optimal ratio provided the highest healing rate. © 2026, Walailak University. All rights reserved.

The current review stands out as a an original contribution to the field of sustainable desalination methods, as it is the first to methodically classify and emphasis on the inventions within the Inclined Solar Stills (ISS). Unlike forgoing reviews on solar stills that delivered a general indication, this review explores particular innovations that improve this unique configuration, underlining its upgraded aspects in a dedicated manner. The motivation behind this review is the pressing request for efficient and sustainable desalination technologies, demonstrating a focused exploration of ISS as a potential, environmentally friendly solution. Contrasting traditional solar still methods of low productivity, the ISS designs set notable advancements that improve freshwater productivity. The methodology of this review classifies and analyses the recent research developments systematically into four main categories: (1) the design modifications and structural optimisation, including the addition of baffles, stepped basins, weirs, and reflectors; (2) the integration with external systems and active components, including photovoltaic (PV) panels, flat plate collectors, and phase change materials (PCMs); (3) the use of advanced materials and nanotechnology, such as nano-enhanced wicks and nanocomposites; and (4) the performance modeling, analysis and optimisation using the computational. The review reports that there are substantial performance gains, with particular advances to freshwater productivity being found in design optimisations such as baffles and reflectors that introduce improved freshwater productivity by 57.2%. Also, the active integrations with PV and collectors introduce a freshwater productivity of 7.9 kg/day, besides an improvement of thermal efficiency by 51.85% due to using advanced materials such as Fe2O3 nanoparticle-functionalized wicks. In a summary, the conclusions of this review present evidence that ISS with design solutions, system integrations, and material science are a very viable choice and a much better path than enhanced path to sustainable freshwater production with the promise of producing extremely high daily freshwater productivity of more than 11.58 kg/m2 and reducing the freshwater production cost as low as 0.0088/kg; thus are indispensable in the face of water security in arid and remote regions. © 2026 Elsevier Ltd

The present review focuses on the issue of freshwater shortage and growing global request for freshwater, which requires a serious need for original technologies, predominantly solar stills combined to thermoelectric cooling (TEC) to improve desalination competence. The originality of this paper lies in directing a methodical review to analytically inspect design optimizations and performance enhancements in solar stills engaging TEC. Therefore, it goes beyond the prior efforts by resolving the insistent encounters of low productivity and energy inefficiency of conservative systems and discovering the developments made by the combined solar stills and TEC. Similarly, this review emphasizes appraising the helpfulness of different layouts and materials used in these systems through energy and exergy analyses. Important results elucidate that integrated TEC can meaningfully increase freshwater productivity, with reported gains of more than 570%. Effectiveness enhancements are ranged between 11.2 and 76.4%. Furthermore, the incorporation of nanofluids, mainly copper oxide nanoparticles at a 0.08% concentration, has improved freshwater productivity by 81% and exergy efficacy by 112.5%. Further benefits are stated by presenting hybrid designs that incorporate photovoltaic panels, phase change materials (PCMs), and heat pipes. Specifically, the hybrid designs afford the possibility of continuous 24-h operation at reduced freshwater production cost of less than $0.031 per liter. Referring to energy and exergy analyses, it can be assured that TEC can play an essential role in minimizing exergy destruction and maximizing thermal gradients within the system. Thus, it can be determined that TEC-integrated solar stills can offer a wonderful solution for sustainable freshwater production to tackle the progressive water scarcity issue. However, some other barriers are still existed that related to high energy consumption and economic viability that must be resolved. Future investigation should therefore put efforts toward developing optimal designs of TEC-integrated solar stills to ensure a balance between performance, cost, and scalability to enable broader implementation. © The Author(s) 2026.

The present work aims to design and manufacture PS-SiO2-MnO2 promising nanostructure films to apply in several optical and nano-optoelectronics fields. The electronic, morphological, microstructure, and optical features of PS-SiO2-MnO2 nanostructures were investigated. Results confirmed that the SiO2-MnO2 NPs showed good distribution inside the PS matrix. The PS absorbance was improved by 44.7% at λ = 340 nm when the content of SiO2-MnO2 NPs increased to reach 2.8 wt.%, this performance making (PS-SiO2-MnO2) nanostructures multifunctional nanomaterials for nanoelectronics and photonics approaches. The absorbance has the highest values at UV-spectra, this result making (PS-SiO2-MnO2) nanostructures suitable for UV-blocking and radiation shielding compared with other types of nanostructures. The indirect allowed band gap was reduced from 3.65 eV to 3.4 eV with the rise of SiO2-MnO2 NPs content to reach 2.8 wt.%. The PS optical factors were enhanced with the increase in SiO2-MnO2 NPs content. The electronic features indicated that the (PS-SiO2-MnO2) nanostructures included excellent electronic parameters. The final results indicated that the (PS-SiO2-MnO2) nanostructures are promising films for futuristic optics and nanoelectronics applications. The (PS-SiO2-MnO2) nanostructures illustrated remarkable optical and electronic characteristics compared with other works, including excellent optical behaviour, good electronic features, and low cost. © 2025 Chemical Society of Ethiopia and The Authors.

This paper investigates the application of nanofluids in lithium-ion battery (LIB) thermal management through a comprehensive review of thermal management system (TMS) development. The review focuses on systems incorporating both phase change materials (PCMs) and nanofluid technologies as solutions for managing heat generation and thermal hazards in LIBs. It demonstrates that traditional cooling techniques, such as air and liquid cooling, are less effective than nanofluids. These colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles (e.g. Al2O3, CuO, TiO2, AgO, as well as carbon-based nanomaterials) in base fluids enhance both thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer performance. The review demonstrats that using Al2O3-water nanofluids with a 2% volume fraction can reduce peak temperatures by 1.2°C, while hybrid nanofluids containing Al2O3-CuO can reduce temperatures by up to 54.23% at a 0.5% concentration. When PCMs are combined with nanofluids to form hybrid systems, maximum temperature reduction of up to 19.5% has been observed. These hybrid systems also contribute to greater thermal uniformity and delayed temperature increases. However, challenges such as nanoparticle stability, increased pressure drops, and environmental and economic concerns remain significant obstacles. This review concludes that TMSs using nanofluids in conjunction with PCMs within optimised channel designs show promising potential for enhancing LIB performance, though further research is needed to overcome the associated barriers. © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

The underlying challenge of solar intermittency still undermines the operational lifetime and freshwater output of typical solar desalination systems and, hence, this extensive review was carried out to summarize recent efforts (2020–2025) directed at the incorporation of PCM (and specifically, NEPCM) into solar distillation-based systems. Using a systematic thematic approach, the literature selected for review was classified into four macro areas, NEPCM-based improvements, hybrid solar–thermal systems, advanced absorber and condenser designs and PCM materials, with performance data being extracted and reported to evaluate their synergistic contribution towards desalination efficiency. The integrated results show that NEPCM integration can lead to more than 124.2% increase in freshwater productivity, over 82% thermal efficiency and remarkable nocturnal distillate and these values are achievable by the constant operation of a solar still for full day using this strategy. Economic studies also indicate that the proposed optimal solar stills incorporating PCMs deliver the lowest water production cost to date of ∼$0.0082/L and substantially shortened payback periods as low as 25 days, whilst environmental scenarios reveal CO2 mitigation potentials in excess of 34 tons per year. In summary, this review represents a shift in the design paradigm of sustainable desalination, suggesting orchestrated PCM use as a fundamental breakthrough to realize an affordable water generation solution that operates continually in less developed regions plagued by poor energy infrastructure. These results together narrow the bridge between emerging demonstration and scale device for desalination practice, providing a powerful paradigm to tackle worldwide water shortage with advanced thermal energy storage assembly. © 2026 The Author(s)

Conventional solar stills have long been used for water desalination, but their productivity and efficiency remain limited due to the challenges associated with low evaporation and condensation rates. To address these limitations, recent research has focused on enhancing solar still performance through the integration of rotating components, such as wicks, drums/cylinders, discs, and other innovative elements. This review addresses the low productivity and efficiency of conventional solar stills by examining the systematic integration of rotating components, including wicks, drums/cylinders, discs, and other innovative elements, to enhance evaporation and condensation rates. Experimental and theoretical studies published between 2017 and 2026 are analysed, with innovations classified by the type of rotating element employed. Key performance parameters are evaluated, including rotational speed, material selection (e.g., jute versus cotton wicks), incorporation of nanofluids and phase change materials (PCMs), external condensers, and auxiliary enhancements such as solar tracking and reflectors. The findings demonstrate substantial productivity improvements: rotating wick systems achieved yield increases of up to 660.45 % with efficiencies reaching 88 %, rotating drum and cylinder configurations reported gains up to 431.1 % with efficiencies of 84.05 %, and rotating disc systems attained productivity enhancements up to 617.4 % with efficiencies of 77.2 %. Other rotating concepts, including spherical balls and adaptive evaporators, demonstrated improvements up to 189.38 %. Economic analyses confirm strong feasibility, with the cost of distilled water reduced to as low as 0.005 USD/L. Overall, the review identifies rotating-part solar stills as a promising and scalable solution for increasing freshwater production while improving energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability. © 2026 The Authors.

Climate change intensifies global water insecurity through escalating hydrological extremes, deteriorating water quality, and aging infrastructure, necessitating transformative solutions. This systematic review evaluates the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in advancing climate-resilient water management. Key findings reveal that AI models—particularly long short-term memory (LSTM) and hybrid physics-informed neural networks—achieve superior accuracy in hydrological forecasting (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency > 0.90), enabling reliable predictions of water availability, droughts, and floods. AI-driven optimization enhances water distribution efficiency by 15–30% in case studies, while IoT-integrated systems reduce agricultural water waste by 20–40%. However, critical challenges persist: (1) data inequity, with 70% of AI applications concentrated in temperate, data-rich regions, neglecting arid and low-income areas; (2) model interpretability gaps, as “black-box” algorithms hinder stakeholder trust; and (3) policy-technical misalignment, where siloed governance stifles scalable AI adoption. The review underscores the urgency of hybrid AI-physics frameworks to balance accuracy with explainability, decentralized data ecosystems to empower marginalized communities, and ethical governance protocols to address algorithmic bias and equity. Future research should prioritize integrating multi-source data to enhance model transparency, to ensure sustainable and inclusive water management strategies. By bridging technological innovation with systemic resilience, AI emerges as a critical tool in mitigating climate impacts and securing global water security. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.

As the demand for energy-efficient homes continues to rise, the importance of advanced mechanical ventilation systems in maintaining indoor air quality (IAQ) has become increasingly evident. However, challenges related to energy balance, IAQ, and occupant thermal comfort persist. This review examines the performance of mechanical ventilation systems in regulating indoor climate, improving air quality, and minimising energy consumption. The findings indicate that demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) can enhance energy efficiency by up to 88% while maintaining CO2 concentrations below 1000 ppm during 76% of the occupancy period. Heat recovery systems achieve efficiencies of nearly 90%, leading to a reduction in heating energy consumption by approximately 19%. Studies also show that employing mechanical rather than natural ventilation in schools lowers CO2 levels by 20–30%. Nevertheless, occupant misuse or poorly designed systems can result in CO2 concentrations exceeding 1600 ppm in residential environments. Hybrid ventilation systems have demonstrated improved thermal comfort, with predicted mean vote (PMV) values ranging from –0.41 to 0.37 when radiant heating is utilized. Despite ongoing technological advancements, issues such as system durability, user acceptance, and adaptability across climate zones remain. Smart, personalized ventilation strategies supported by modern control algorithms and continuous monitoring are essential for the development of resilient and health-promoting buildings. Future research should prioritize the integration of renewable energy sources and adaptive ventilation controls to further optimise system performance. © 2025 by the authors.

Climate change is unequivocally altering river hydraulics worldwide, with profound implications for flow regimes, sediment dynamics, and ecological integrity. This review synthesizes global case studies from diverse regions, including the Himalayas, African river basins, and Arctic systems, to evaluate the impacts of rising temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns, and intensifying extreme weather events. Key findings highlight accelerated snow-to-rain transitions in boreal and alpine zones, permafrost thaw-induced bank instability, and increased flood and drought frequencies, which collectively disrupt seasonal flow patterns and amplify sediment transport in cryosphere-fed basins. Such changes threaten aquatic ecosystems by elevating water temperatures, degrading habitats, and endangering cold-water species, while exacerbating water scarcity and infrastructure risks. The review underscores advancements in predictive modeling, including machine learning and hybrid frameworks, to address non-stationary hydrological behaviors, though challenges persist in data-scarce regions. Effective adaptation requires multidisciplinary strategies, integrating sustainable river basin management, nature-based solutions (e.g., riparian restoration, floodplain reconnection), and engineered interventions. Emphasizing the synergy between local knowledge and scientific innovation, the study calls for dynamic socio-ecological frameworks, long-term sediment-biodiversity studies, and scalable climate-hydrological models. Proactive, integrated approaches are vital to mitigate cascading risks, safeguard ecosystem services, and balance human needs with environmental preservation in a rapidly changing climate. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.

The rise in energy-efficient, sustainable building operations necessitates the development of advanced innovations that reduce heating and cooling demands while maintaining comfortable indoor thermal conditions. Phase change materials (PCMs) demonstrate significant potential as a stabilization mechanism through latent heat storage for managing residential indoor temperatures; however, their integration into systems requires further optimisation. This review examines PCM-assisted ventilation technologies—specifically ventilated façades, roofs, and windows—highlighting their energy performance, which ranges from 7.7 % to 32.8 %, and their capacity to reduce peak temperatures by 2.5 °C to 7.02 °C. These improvements are influenced by PCM thickness of 15–35 mm and melting temperatures of 15–37 °C. The combination of PCM-enhanced hybrid systems with natural or mechanical ventilation has shown greater operational effectiveness, particularly in hot climates and when integrated with adaptive control systems to achieve optimal performance. Despite their benefits, widespread adoption of PCM technologies is hindered by high material costs, hysteresis effects, and limited discharge cycle efficiency. Nevertheless, PCM-enhanced ventilation systems have proven capable of supporting sustainable, low-energy buildings. Continued research is needed to develop cost-effective design strategies, automated control mechanisms, and climate-responsive optimisations to fully realize their potential. © 2025 The Author(s)

This paper aims to analyze how AI can revolutionize dam and water resource management, the problem areas such as climate change, growing population rate, and deterioration of infrastructure; these AI technologies, in turn, drive predictive analytics, learning, real-time monitoring, decision-making, and resource management, thereby benefiting engineers and policymakers, among other stakeholders. Demand forecasting, flood management, and smart water quality monitoring enhance resource management, disaster prevention, and eco-conservation. On numerous occasions, AI models outcompete traditional hydrological approaches in terms of accurate water level and inflow predictions. In addition, the combination of AI with IoT sensors means that potential and actual conditions of dams and water quality are constantly monitored to optimize maintenance programs and avoid incidents. Problems arising from data quality and availability, interpretability of models, and the requirement of being a competent technical person hinder its widespread use. Similarly, ethical and legal considerations such as privacy and responsibility pose challenges to integrating AI into current systems. Addressing these challenges is very important if the impact of AI is to be enhanced. As highlighted in this analysis, there is a need for multi-disciplinary non-kingdom collaboration and specific expenditure to deal with these constraints. Each requires a greater research effort to improve our abilities to advance from non-parametric approaches to new paradigms of predictive modeling, big data, and real-time decision support and to become more responsible stewards of the Earth’s limited water supplies. The outcomes highlight AI’s potential to change water management and improve its effectiveness and sustainability. This research underscores the importance of ensuring a sustainable and secure water supply in the future to enable the provision of water supply as stipulated in the global sustainable environment and structures’ agenda. © 2025, Semarak Ilmu Publishing. All rights reserved.

Harnessing the power of phase change materials (PCMs) in asphalt pavements proposes a sustainable solution for addressing temperature-related issues, affording more robust and energy-efficient infrastructure. PCMs hold enormous potential for reforming various industries due to their ability to store and release large amounts of thermal energy, offering noteworthy benefits in energy efficiency, thermal management, and sustainability. The integration of PCMs within pavements presents an increasingly exciting field of research. PCMs have the ability to efficiently manage the changes in and distribution of temperature in asphalt pavements via the release and absorption of latent heat that occurs during the phase shifts of PCMs. Asphalt pavements experience less severe temperatures and a slower rate of temperature fluctuation as a result of this, which in turn reduces the amount of stress caused by temperature. In addition, the function of temperature adjustment that PCMs provide is natural, intelligent, and in line with the direction in which the development of smart pavements is heading in the future. This study aims to explore the impact of organic, inorganic, and mixed organic–inorganic PCMs on diverse surface characteristics of asphalt. In addition, this review addresses current challenges associated with using PCMs in asphalt and explores potential advantages that could facilitate future research in addition to broadening the implementation of PCMs in construction. © 2025 by the authors.

Groundwater has become a vital resource for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use, especially as surface water supplies decline due to reduced rainfall, decreasing river flows, and increasing evaporation. This study reviews the critical state of groundwater resources in Iraq, focusing on challenges such as over-extraction, contamination, and the worsening effects of climate change on water availability. The review highlights the urgent need for a comprehensive monitoring and assessment framework to track groundwater levels and quality, utilizing real-time data on aquifer health, water table depth, and contamination. It also emphasizes the importance of implementing sustainable groundwater management practices tailored to the unique geological and Iraqi aquifer hydrological conditions. A key recommendation is adopting a participatory approach to groundwater management, engaging local communities, water users, and stakeholders in decision-making. This approach aims to promote ownership, accountability, and sustainable practices while promoting equitable resource management. The study also stresses addressing infrastructure and institutional challenges, including inadequate storage, poor regulation, and lack of coordination among authorities. Furthermore, the research calls for incorporating climate change considerations, such as altered precipitation patterns and rising temperatures, into long-term groundwater management strategies to adapt to changing environmental conditions. In conclusion, a collaborative approach combining scientific research, effective governance, community engagement, and climate adaptation is essential to ensure the long-term sustainability of Iraq’s groundwater resources, supporting food security, economic development, and resilience against increasing water scarcity. © 2025, Zibeline International Publishing Sdn. Bhd.. All rights reserved.

Traditional water quality monitoring methods face significant limitations, including delayed data acquisition, high operational costs, and inadequate spatial and temporal resolution, which hinder timely responses to contamination events. This systematic review addresses these gaps by evaluating the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI) in revolutionizing monitoring practices through two novel mechanisms: (1) enhanced multivariate data fidelity via Internet of Things (IoT)-sensor networks and satellite remote sensing, and (2) predictive modeling precision using machine learning (ML) algorithms. By synthesizing 1,032 studies (2011–2025), we demonstrate that AI-driven systems achieve 94% accuracy in prediction and reduce field sampling costs by 60% through Landsat 8 satellite integration. Our analysis reveals a 13-fold increase in AI adoption since 2011, with innovations such as adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) and deep neural networks (DNNs) facilitating real-time anomaly detection and contamination forecasting. The novelty of this review lies in its dual focus—quantifying AI's scalability for global water security while critically addressing unresolved challenges in data standardization, model inter-pretability, and ethical governance. These findings offer policymakers actionable insights, advo-cating for hybrid frameworks that integrate AI with existing infrastructure to bridge urban-rural disparities in water management. © Mahmoud Saleh Al-Khafaji, Layth Abdulameer, Muthanna M. A. AL-Shammari, Najah M. L.

The current research evaluates how triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures, specifically Gyroid configurations, enhance heat transfer in thermal management systems by addressing heating issues caused by miniaturized electronic devices. TPMS structures composed of Gyroid and Fischer-Koch varieties demonstrate up to a 50.6 % improvement in cooling efficiency compared to traditional fin structures. Additionally, the Fischer-Koch structure facilitates internal flow heat transfer, achieving efficiency levels 12 times greater than conventional designs. The Nusselt number exceedes 80 in TPMS configurations, although pressure drops increases when porosity fell below 0.7. However, the performance evaluation criterion remains above 70 at porosities of 0.8. The effective thermal management of advanced electronic systems benefits from the integration of phase change materials (PCMs) with TPMS structures, as they enhance heat dissipation and reduce melting durations. The review concludes that implementing TPMS components would significantly improve heat transfer, besides enabling designers to optimise thermal management systems within constrained spaces. © 2025 The Author(s)

This study presents a new approach to studying the effects of asymmetric outlet manifold influence on hydraulic stability and water hammer dynamics in the pumping station of the Great Al-Samawah Water Project. The researchers executed transient flow analyses with Bentley HAMMER V8i on four different designs, which included the middle and left-side manifolds, both with and without surge tanks. Results revealed that manifold positioning critically affects pressure surges. The left-side configuration (Case 2C) generated higher peak pressures (1350 kPa) compared to the middle layout (Case 1A, 1329 kPa) due to asymmetric flow paths. Surge tanks reduced maximum pressures by 25 % (Case 1B) and 21 % (Case 2D) relative to unprotected systems. However, the left-side manifold with a surge tank (Case 2D) exhibited higher residual pressures (2750 kPa) than the middle counterpart (2300 kPa), emphasizing the influence of manifold geometry on surge tank effectiveness. An optimal manifold design that maintains symmetry and carefully planned surge tank positions is critical to minimizing risk factors from water hammer occurrences and boosting hydraulic system integrity. The research delivers practical design instructions to engineers that optimize infrastructure resilience by combining configuration enhancements with surge tank integration. © 2025 The Author(s)

This article delves into the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI) in revolutionizing water station management and highlights the diverse applications, such as monitoring water quality, optimizing supply networks, and enabling predictive maintenance, all of which contribute to sustainable water resource management. Advanced technologies like machine learning and data analytics are explored as tools to address the multifaceted challenges of water resource management, including resource allocation, contamination detection, and system efficiency. The article emphasizes the benefits of integrating AI into water management practices, showcasing examples from current literature and case studies that illustrate successful implementations. It also provides a critical perspective on the challenges and limitations that accompany AI adoption, such as the high costs of implementation, the complexity of achieving data interoperability, and the demand for skilled professionals to manage and operate AI systems. By examining these aspects, the article underscores the potential of AI to enhance the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of water infrastructure. Additionally, it states that ongoing investment in AI technologies and collaborative research can overcome existing barriers, leading to more resilient water management systems. Ultimately, this study advocates for leveraging AI to ensure the equitable and efficient delivery of clean water to communities worldwide. © 2025, Zibeline International Publishing Sdn. Bhd.. All rights reserved.

This paper reviews how tubular solar still designs can enhance thermal output and offer a sustainable desalination solution powered by solar energy. Conventional solar stills typically produce only 2–5 L/m²/day, highlighting the need for more efficient and practical designs for widespread adoption. Studies categorize performance improvement methods into two primary approaches, with particular emphasis on phase change materials due to their demonstrated efficacy. Experimental data shows that phase change materials can improve the system energy efficiency to a maximum of 30% and boost manufacturing capacity notably while reaching production quantities greater than 6 L/m²/day within optimal operating parameters. The review demonstrates how advanced wick materials, vacuum insulation together with reflective surfaces have enhanced both thermal performance and productivity of these systems. Geographical conditions, together with climate variables, influence the success of these enhancement methods; so, specific optimization measures must be developed for different locations. Recent experimental and theoretical research synthesis delivers important pathways for future development, which proves tubular solar stills as sustainable water scarcity solutions that produce less carbon than traditional desalination approaches. © 2025 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Scour near the banks of a river, particularly at the piers of bridges, is one of the most important components of hydraulic engineering because it plays a significant role in the stability and durability of bridges. This paper performs a complete investigation, utilizing an HEC-RAS-based hydraulic (Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System) to evaluate the scour risk in the beds and banks at the Abu Nuwas Bridge piers on the Tigris River in Baghdad, Iraq. Studies that looked at different hydraulic factors, like flow rate, sediment transport, and the shape of the riverbed, were used in the evaluation to guess and model the possible scour depths of existing structures. Calibration (Manning’s n) and model validation were performed with measured discharges of 700 and 425 m3/s, respectively. In the calibration, the n value of 0.03 for the overflow banks and 0.023 for the main channel gives an acceptable performance with R2=0.84, RMS=0.3m, and NSE=0.83. In comparison, the model was valid with R2=0.82, RMS=0.39m, and NSE=0.81. These values are considered acceptable for modelling large rivers like the Tigris River. The research results showed that the risks of scouring under the cladding on the banks, even a small depth of scour, can lead to the collapse of both banks and the stone cladding versus scouring at the bottom of the bed. The study results indicated that the depth of the scour ranged from 0.0 to 2.8 m, with the greatest scour observed at Piers D30 and D148. Further, these results help improve our knowledge of the scour phenomenon and make specific contributions to the design and management of bridges near riverbanks. © 2025, Semarak Ilmu Publishing. All rights reserved.

The present work aims to fabricate of chitosan doped with SnO2-ZnO nanoparticles to employ in various optical and electronics applications. The study included the compact of (SnO2/ZnO) nanocomposites on optical features of chitosan to be used in variety of optics and electronics applications. The chitosan-SnO2/ZnO nanocomposites have been prepared by utilizing casting technique with various concentrations of (SnO2/ZnO) nanoparticles and chitosan. The optical features have been investigated at a range of wavelengths from (320 - 920 nm). The analysis reveal that when (SnO2/ZnO) nanoparticles ratio has been increased, absorption value of chitosan-(SnO2/ZnO) nanocomposites was boosted whereas the transmittance value was drop down. Whenever (SnO2/ZnO) nanocomposites ratio have been rise, the band gap was reduced from 3.33 to 2.9 eV for allowed transition and from 3.13 to 2.51 eV for forbidden transition. The other optical features of chitosan-SnO2/ZnO nanocomposites have been boosted. Finally, the outcomes of optical features reveal that the chitosan-SnO2/ZnO nanocomposites are being possible to be utilized in a variety of applications. © 2025, Walailak University. All rights reserved.

The demand for efficient thermal management in industries has driven research into nanofluids (NFs) as potential replacements for conventional heat transfer fluids (HTFs) in plate heat exchangers (PHEs). A key challenge is achieving higher heat transfer rates (HTRs) while minimizing pressure drop, which is crucial for improving energy efficiency in industrial processes. NFs are categorized into two types: simple (mono) NFs, such as single-walled (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) dispersed in base fluids, and hybrid NFs, which combine multiple nanoparticles to enhance performance. Studies show that mono NFs improve thermal conductivity, increasing heat transfer coefficients by 6.18%–16.79%. However, their high viscosity and pressure drop remain challenges. In contrast, hybrid NFs demonstrate superior thermal performance, with heat transfer coefficient improvements of up to 39.16% and only a slight increase in pumping power. This suggests they offer an optimal balance between heat transfer enhancement and operational cost efficiency. Critical factors influencing performance include operating parameters, particle concentration, inlet temperature, and flow rate. Future research should explore nanoparticle shape and size through experimental and numerical studies, along with long-term stability and cost-effectiveness in industrial applications. Addressing these areas could unlock NFs' potential to revolutionize heat exchanger technology, leading to more efficient and sustainable thermal systems. © 2025

This review paper systematically analyzes design modifications and performance improvements of solar stills with glass cooling taking care of the most important issue of poor freshwater productivity of the conventional desalination solar system. The methodology is a thorough review of different methods of glass cooling such as water film cooling, the concept of double glass glazing, and the combination of hybrid-systems with integration of nanomaterials and add-ons, internal and external, and even physical alterations of structure. Important discoveries indicate considerable results in the enhancement of performance: water film cooling showed a gain of up to 58.98% in productivity, whereas the use of double-glass glazing showed an increase in efficiency under certain insulation circumstances. Yields were also enhanced by 121% and 53.95 using nanofluids such as Al₂O₃ and graphite, respectively. Systems using glass-cooled parabolic concentrators or photovoltaic panels in a hybrid system registered productivity boost of as much as 152.69%. Other structural improvements like the step basins and the hemispherical designs saw remarkable improvement with individual basins recording up to 127.27% in enhancement. The conclusion of the review is that the glass cooling applied, and especially when combined with advanced materials and optimizations in design, has a profound impact on performance of a solar still providing a sustainable and regular supply of freshwater. Nevertheless, aspects like the best choice of cooling parameters and affordability need even more research in order to popularize its application. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.

Bridge scour around piers and abutments poses a significant threat to bridge stability, particularly in dynamic river environments like the Tigris River in Baghdad. This study aims to investigate the combined effects of successive bridges and debris accumulation on scour depth using HEC-RAS numerical simulations, with a focus on the Al-Sarafiya Bridge. The methodology integrated topographic, hydraulic, and sediment data to develop and calibrate a 1D HEC-RAS model based on a previously conducted study. Six scenarios were analyzed, including single and successive bridges with and without debris, under varying discharge conditions (490 m³/s to 3050 m³/s). The results revealed that an upstream bridge reduces scour depth at downstream piers by 30–40%, highlighting the protective role of hydraulic interactions between successive structures. Debris accumulation significantly increased contraction scour due to flow constriction, with scour depths rising by up to 40.5% under high discharge, but had minimal impact on pier scour, which remained dominated by localized vortices. The study validated HEC-RAS as a reliable tool for scour prediction, with results closely aligning with empirical data. Key findings include: (1) Successive bridges alter flow patterns, reducing downstream pier scour by 30–40%; (2) Debris exacerbates contraction scour but has negligible effects on pier scour; (3) HEC-RAS simulations provided accurate scour depth predictions, supporting its use in bridge design and maintenance. These insights underscore the importance of integrated hydraulic modeling for multi-bridge systems and debris management to mitigate scour risks. The study contributes to safer bridge design in complex river systems, offering practical strategies for long-term stability. Future research should explore debris properties and bridge configurations to refine scour mitigation approaches further. © The Author(s) 2025.

Photovoltaic panels are considered a vital sustainable source of electrical energy; however, their efficiency tends to decline as a result of increasing temperature. This study aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of a novel evaporative cooling and groundwater-based system designed to simultaneously cool both the air and photovoltaic panels in hot, dry climates. Experimental results from the developed prototype indicate a clear enhancement in energy generation compared to conventional photovoltaic and evaporative cooling systems. Statistically, the evaporative cooling system reduced the average panel temperature by 15 °C, resulting in an 8.4% increase in photovoltaic efficiency, while maintaining air conditions of 32.6 °C and 62% relative humidity. Furthermore, the groundwater-to-air heat exchanger reduced the panel temperature by 22.8 °C, leading to a 12.7% increase in efficiency, and lowered the air temperature from 43.5 to 26.3 °C at 55% relative humidity. These results highlight the potential of integrated cooling systems to significantly improve the performance of photovoltaic panels in arid regions. © The Author(s) 2025.

The polymer nanocomposites are important materials for many optical and electronic applications. This research aims to fabricate of barium titanate (BaTiO3) NPs doped polyethylene glycol (PEG)-polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) to apply in various photonics and optical approaches. The (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO3) films were coursed using the casting method. The microstructure and optical characteristics of (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO3) films were investigated. The optical features results showed when the BaTiO3 NPs content reached 5 wt.%, the transmission(T) was reduced whereas the absorption(A) was augmented. The energy gap (Eg) of the (PEG-PMMA) blend decreased from 2.5 to 1.9 eV with increasing BaTiO3 NPs concentration to reach of 5 wt.% making the (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO3) nanostructures are suitable for optical and optoelectronic nanodevices. The refractive index, real and imaginary dielectric constants, absorption coefficient, optical conductivity and extinction coefficient were improved with increasing BaTiO3 NPs concentration. Finally, the obtained findings indicated that the (PEG-PMMA/BaTiO3) nanostructures might be employed in a range of optical applications. © 2025, Walailak University. All rights reserved.

The goal of this research is to create PMMA and SiO2-Si3N4 nanoparticles doped PMMA films with enhanced structural and electrical properties to employ in various quantum electronics fields. The casting process was used to create the (PMMA-SiO2-Si3N4) nano-composite films. In the development of nanocomposite materials, the hybrid nanocomposite films with 2.3%, 4.6% and 6.9% contents of nanoparticles were prepared. Using an optical microscope (OM), the morphology of the nanocomposites was examined. At room temperature, the electrical characteristics of (PMMA-SiO2-Si3N4) nano-composites were investigated. The results revealed that the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of (PMMA-SiO2-Si3N4) nanocomposites reduced as the frequency of the applied electric field increased. The electrical conductivity of alternating current rises with rising frequency. With increasing concentrations of SiO2-Si3N4 nanoparticles, the dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and AC electrical conductivity of (PMMA-SiO2-Si3N4) nanocomposites were enhanced. When the SiO2-Si3N4 NPs content reached 6.9% at 100Hz, the dielectric constant increased from 3.86 to 4.76 while the dielectric loss increased from 0.19 to 0.29. Finally, the obtained results demonstrated that the (PMMA-SiO2-Si3N4) nanocompo sites have elevated values of dielectric constant compared with dielectric loss, which makes them suitable for a variety of quantum electronics applications. © 2025, Lviv Polytechnic National University. All rights reserved.

The present work aims to improve the dielectric properties of poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA)-polyethylene glycol (PEG) blend doped with barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanoparticles to be useful in electronics and dielectric fields. The PMMA/PEG/BaTiO3 nanocomposite films were fabricated by using the casting method. The morphological and dielectric characteristics of PMMA/PEG/BaTiO3 nanocomposite films were tested. The dielectric characteristics were examined by LCR meter at frequencies ranging from 100 Hz to 5 MHz. The results of dielectric characteristics confirmed that there is a growth in the dielectric parameters of PMMA/PEG blend with increasing BaTiO3 NPs content. The dielectric properties of PMMA/PEG/BaTiO3 nanocomposite films were distorted with a boost of the frequency. Finally, dielectric characteristics show that the PMMA/PEG/ BaTiO3 nanocomposite films can be utilized in various electrical and nanoelectronics applications with high energy storage, lightweight, low cost, and flexibility. © Hadi A., Salman S. R., Al Maimuri N. M. L., Hashim A., Rashid F. L., Hasan A. S., 2025.

With an emphasis on Pump Station 1 (PS1) of the Basra Water Project (Open Canal) in Iraq, this study examines the essential hydraulic parameters of water pumping stations under transient flow situations. The study assesses the effects of routine operations, unexpected shutdowns, and surge tank installations on pressure stability and system flexibility using hydraulic modeling with HAMMER V8i. The findings show notable changes in pressure during brief occurrences. An abrupt shutdown without surge tank protection resulted in minimum pressures of 12.5 m in pipes L1 and L2, exposing them to hydraulic transient effects. The maximum pipe pressure under normal circumstances was 17.5 m (L3). Because of its exposure to low-pressure occurrences, the analysis identifies L1 as the most in-danger pipeline. It has been demonstrated that traditional operating procedures, which frequently ignore transient dynamics, increase the probability of service disruption and lead to inefficiency. In contrast, adding surge tanks reduces pressure variability and lessens the impacts of the water hammer, significantly increasing pressure stability, especially when three tanks are used. The results highlight how adaptable operational procedures are essential for employing and managing water delivery systems. According to the study findings, adding surge tanks improves durability and performance while lowering the risks of transient flow occurrences. This offers a guide for restructuring water pumping station operations. © 2025 by the authors.

The current modeling study involved the development of a new statistical model for predicting the spread of infectious epidemics and counts the expected number of infections in crowded cities and how to develop infected cities into intelligent cities according to international standards. The study was completed based on historical infections that occurred in the city of Hillah in central Iraq and the Weka program was used to evaluate the infection number on the basis of historical infections, city’s infrastructure, metrological elements, and social education. The study included the scenarios of predicting the infections of epidemic due to Changing Infrastructure and Intelligent City scenarios. It was found the percent reduction of infections in the Changing Infrastructure of a city was ranged between (39.3%-100%) in January and between (6.5%-25.7%) in July, while in the case of Intelligent City the percent reduction was ranged between (66.6%-100%) in January and between (30.5%-75.2%) in July 2030. The main finding is that the number of infections decreases mainly by relying on the restructuring of infrastructure according to intelligent cities and the infection number is affected a lot by climate changes, especially the temperatures that are unfortunately uncontrollable. The study recommends using smart city specifications in designing cities to resist epidemics in the future. © 2025, AP2. All rights reserved.

The recent review delves into exploring the effects of vibration on the behavior of thermal energy storage (TES) systems, with a particular emphasis on phase change materials (PCMs) and their implication in both mechanical and thermal systems. This examination discourses a serious challenge in the field: the request to improve heat transfer efficiency and upgrade energy storage rates in PCM-based systems. These systems are frequently facing a number of limitations as a result to slow phase transition rates and variations in the heat transfer process, which deter their overall performance. Indeed, an inspecting of how vibration can influence these parameters, this review intends to detect advanced strategies for enhancing the efficiency of PCMs in energy storage applications. The findings disclose that ultrasonic vibrations and mechanical vibrations can dramatically speed up the melting and solidification of PCM. As an example, in the case of non-vibration, the best option offered was I-shaped fin with fins count 8, which reached a peak temperature of 316.2 K and maximum temperature difference at 3.8 K. However, the performance further enhanced with vibration, where the maximum temperature drops by 6.5 % and the temperature difference declines by 18.7 % for 4 I-shaped fins, which ranks as the best options due to the ratio of cooling effectiveness, cost, and weight. Also, the experiment indicates that ultrasonic vibration made melting 2.5 times faster and energy consumption was 2.3 two 2.8 Wh lower than during natural melting. Recommendations stress the idea that vibration is a promising, energy-saving, and efficient way to optimise PCM functionality. However, some issues such as the selection of key parameters, and system hybridization still have to be removed. These findings can offer helpful suggestions towards planning and development of advanced knowledge in TES and management. Overall, this review is needed to secure more efficient thermal energy systems, eventually contributing to more sustainable energy solutions. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd

Phase change materials (PCMs) are extensively used in different application, although they are characterized by a low thermal conductivity and low melting/solidification speeds. To overcome these challenges, researchers have considered using magnetic fields to improve heating and changing of phase in PCMs and Nanoparticle-enhanced PCMs (NePCMs). The current review intends to analyse the effect of magnetic field on the melting behavior of PCM, heat transfer rates, and energy storage efficiency in different arrangements such as porous cavity, finned tube and rotating systems. The results show that magnetic fields can have a great impact on the PCM behavior. This is attributed to the intensive magnetic field (e.g., Hartmann number Ha = 100), where melting time can be slowed by up to 43 % against buoyancy forces as well as eased by 12–16 % in finned systems due to non-homogeneous magnetic fields. Addition of Nanoparticles (e.g. Fe3O4 at 1 wt%) can also enhance these properties and increase thermal conductivity, thus decreasing melting time by 25 % in magnetic fields. However, it is influenced by the orientation of the field such as horizontal fields suppress convection and vertical fields give rise to convection. The best outcomes involve hybrids, magnetic Nanoparticles in metal foams, where phase transition is decreased by 98 % during rotation Rew = 1000. Key trade-offs of the type where the advantage may be canceled out by higher viscosity at high Nanoparticle loadings are also noted in the review. Finally, it has been stated that magnetic fields have the potential to transform PCM-based technologies, especially in solar energy storage, cooling of electronics, and building efficiency, with the request of better research regarding uniformity of the fields, scaling, and integration in cost-efficient applications. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd

Electrocardiography (ECG/EKG) is a useful and straightforward examination that allows for the assessment of different cardiac conditions by recording electrical impulses within the heart. The identification of abnormal cardiac activity is determined by the useful information obtained from the ECG signal. Noise signal elimination is essential to carefully analyze ECG signals. To demonstrate cardiac irregularities by analyzing the ECG signal, it is necessary to extract different characteristics. This article presents a new method to improve the efficiency of ECG signals by employing the invasive weed optimization (IWO) algorithm. The objective is to extract an optimized thresholding value. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was assessed by utilizing the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database containing 48 records. The proposed method showed advancements in terms of quicker detection and better performance compared to other contemporary modalities in similar circumstances. The proposed method demonstrated high performance with a sensitivity rate of 99.96%, positive productivity rate of 99.80%, accuracy rate of 99.20%, error rate of 0.628%, and an F-score of 0.995 as the overall average across all records. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.

The mixing process of water and air is critical in various engineering applications, such as heat exchangers and atomization systems. This study numerically investigates the thermal and velocity distributions in a water-air mixing chamber using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach in ANSYS/FLUENT 16. The objective is to analyze how different inlet velocities influence temperature distribution and mixing efficiency to optimize thermal management in industrial applications. Numerical simulations were conducted for various inlet velocity pairs, including (V1 = 0.1 m/s, V2 = 0.1 m/s) and (V1 = 0.5 m/s, V2 = 0.1 m/s). The results indicate that increasing the inlet velocity of water enhances heat transfer efficiency. For instance, at point 1, the temperature increased from 298 K to 300 K for V1 = 0.1 m/s and V2 = 0.1 m/s, while it rose from 335 K to 330 K when V1 was 0.5 m/s. Similarly, at point 2, the temperature improved from 296 K to 302 K for higher air velocities, highlighting better thermal mixing. Velocity distributions further confirmed that higher air velocities promoted more uniform mixing patterns within the chamber. The findings emphasize that inlet velocities significantly affect temperature uniformity and mixing efficiency, providing insights for optimizing heat transfer in industrial fluid systems. This research lays the foundation for further investigations into fluid coupling mechanisms and advanced thermal control strategies. © 2025, Zibeline International Publishing Sdn. Bhd.. All rights reserved.

Barren lands can be converted into agricultural land through a multidisciplinary approach to water management. This study evaluates the groundwater quality for irrigation in the unculti-vated Faddak land (277 km²) north of Kerbela City, Iraq. Thirty groundwater samples were collected from regional wells and analyzed using GIS, testing, and international standards from the FAO and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). A range of phys-icochemical parameters were tested, including calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, sulfate, chloride, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, and others. The results showed that most pollutants exceeded permissible limits, with an Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) of 36.28, indicating that the groundwater was unsuitable for irrigation. It is concluded that the water de-mands of native plants can be met through a combination of rainfall and surface water from the Euphrates River, with a maximum release of 20 m³/s required for cotton cultivation in July if 50% of the area is planted. © 2025 Muthanna M. A. Al-Shammari, Layth Abdulameer,.

The current modeling study involved the development of a new statistical model for predicting the spread of infectious epidemics and counts the expected number of infections in crowded cities and how to develop infected cities into intelligent cities according to international standards. The study was completed based on historical infections that occurred in the city of Hillah in central Iraq and the Weka program was used to evaluate the infection number on the basis of historical infections, city’s infrastructure, metrological elements, and social education. The study included the scenarios of predicting the infections of epidemic due to Changing Infrastructure and Intelligent City scenarios. It was found the percent reduction of infections in the Changing Infrastructure of a city was ranged between (39.3%-100%) in January and between (6.5%-25.7%) in July, while in the case of Intelligent City the percent reduction was ranged between (66.6%-100%) in January and between (30.5%-75.2%) in July 2030. The main finding is that the number of infections decreases mainly by relying on the restructuring of infrastructure according to intelligent cities and the infection number is affected a lot by climate changes, especially the temperatures that are unfortunately uncontrollable. The study recommends using smart city specifications in designing cities to resist epidemics in the future. © (2024), (Urban Creativity). All Rights Reserved.

The Coastal regions are increasingly vulnerable to hurricanes and tsunamis, which cause severe damage to infrastructure and communities. Traditional barriers such as seawalls and breakwaters are rigid, costly, and often ineffective under extreme hydrodynamic forces. This study proposes a smart rubber balloon dam as a flexible, rapidly deployable, and renewable-energy-powered alternative for coastal protection. The system consists of elliptical inflatable balloons anchored in underground trenches along the shoreline. Balloons are inflated using compressed air supplied by an air storage tank, powered by a Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine coupled with a Doubly Fed Induction Generator, and supported by deep-cycle batteries. To ensure precise operation, a backstepping controller regulates the three-phase induction motor driving the air compressor, achieving a 95% reduction in rotor speed tracking error and settling time of less than 0.5 s. Balloon inflation pressure is stabilised by an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System, which reduces transient variations by 70% and maintains a pressure stability of ±5 % under dynamic hydrodynamic loads. The system was validated through Simulink modelling and hydrodynamic analysis, including case study forces derived from the 2004 Sumatra tsunami. Results confirm reliable balloon deployment, consistent rigidity against bore wave action, and renewable energy self-sufficiency, with 85% conversion efficiency and a stable 4.8 kW output across wind speeds. Compared to conventional defenses, the proposed system offers a faster response, greater adaptability, and a lower environmental impact. This research highlights a novel AI-powered, renewable energy-integrated coastal defense strategy that provides a scalable, sustainable, and climate-resilient solution for shoreline protection. The Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System controller achieves consistent balloon rigidity even under dynamic contact loads, reducing transient variations by 70% while maintaining pressure deviations of less than 5% from the setpoint. © 2025, Ram Arti Publishers. All rights reserved.

The amount of plastic waste produced worldwide has been steadily rising. Manufacturing processes, service industries, and municipal solid waste produce a significant amount of waste plastic. One common construction and industrial waste that could be employed as shear reinforcement in concrete beams for specified purposes is the plastic waste strips, since they have relatively high tensile strength. Such plastic strips are used to tie clay bricks, floor finishing tiles, walkway finishing blocks, curbstones, and so on in different industrial products. This study examines an approach that uses plastic waste strips in place of conventional stirrups to enhance the shear performance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. A set of shear tests was performed on carefully constructed 150 mm width × 225 mm depth × 1400 mm length beam specimens to evaluate failure mechanisms, modes of failure, crack patterns, and shear strength. All beams have the same flexural requirements, so they were ensured to fail by exceeding their shear strength under the applied load. This study examined five concrete beams that were reinforced internally using plastic waste strips in the shear region, as well as one control beam. The tested beams were reinforced using various strip spacings and configurations. The results of the tests indicated that increasing the plastic waste strips improved the concrete section shear strength. As the number of plastic strips in the section increases, the distance between each strip is drastically reduced, increasing the shear capacity of the beam. The experimental results indicate that the beam with six vertical plastic waste strips in its section has a 75% higher shear strength capacity than the reference beam without any transverse reinforcement. In addition, shear resistance is higher in the beam with plastic strips at 45° and 135° inclined angles than in the beam with vertical plastic strips in the same amount of plastic strips. Based on these findings, reinforced concrete beams can be utilized for specific purposes by employing plastic waste strips as transverse reinforcement to resist internal shear forces. © 2025 by the authors.

Water scarcity, exacerbated by population growth and climate change, demands innovative solutions for sustainable water management. This comprehensive review explores artificial intelligence’s (AI) transformative potential in enhancing drainage water reuse systems, addressing critical gaps in traditional methods. Key findings reveal: (1) AI-driven approaches (e.g., machine learning, deep learning) improve water treatment accuracy by 15–25% and reduce energy consumption by 7–30%; (2) operational costs decline by 10–20%, with agricultural reuse efficiencies reaching 29–93%; (3) case studies demonstrate AI’s success in mitigating urban floods (50–70% reduction) and pollutant discharge (15–28% reduction); (4) barriers include data limitations (affecting 60–75% of models), high implementation costs (20–40% above conventional systems), and public skepticism (30–50% resistance). The review highlights AI’s pivotal role in advancing sustainable water reuse, which has the potential to benefit many people in water-scarce regions. Future directions emphasize the use of standardized data protocols, cost-effective solutions, and stakeholder engagement to overcome adoption challenges. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.

Generating convincing pavement crack imagery remains challenging due to the limited accessibility of annotated datasets and the uneven distribution of crack patterns in real-world conditions. Existing synthesis techniques often encounter unstable convergence and struggle to preserve fine structural textures. To address these challenges, this work proposes two adaptive image generation schemes that combine convolution-based feature extraction with a progressive refinement strategy. The first approach focuses on gradual spatial enhancement, while the second employs a dual-channel generation process that independently models pavement textures and crack structures before fusing them. Both methods were trained and validated on a standard crack image dataset, and their outputs were evaluated using perceptual and statistical indicators, including FID, KID, LPIPS, and SSIM. Results reveal that dual-channel design produces more coherent and realistic crack representations, improving visual fidelity and downstream detection accuracy compared to reference models. This study offers a scalable solution for augmenting limited road defect datasets, facilitating the development of stronger deep learning models for pavement condition monitoring under data-scarce environments. © 2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

The development of new materials with improved features requires the use of nanocomposite materials and polymer blends. Their special combination provides enhanced performance in a range of environmental, biomedical, and industrial applications. Using the traditional casting procedure, the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/poly acrylic acid (PAA) polymer blend doped with silicon carbide (SiC)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanocomposites was successfully created. Nanocomposites (NPs) were evenly distributed over the polymer mix matrix, and the polymer blend was well dispersed in the solution, according to the optical microscopy image. The films’ surface morphology of the polymer blend exhibits a homogeneous grain distribution, according to FE-SEM examination. The generated materials do not include any new functional groups, according to the FTIR analysis, indicating that just a physical interaction has taken place. It was observed from the study of optical properties that the increase in SiC/MWCNTs nanoparticles led to enhancement of all optical features, such as absorbance, refractive index, optical conductivity, real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant, while transmittance and energy gaps were decreased. The energy gap decreased from 4.8 eV to 3.82 eV for the allowed transition, and from 4 eV to 3.02 eV for the forbidden transition. These results reveal that PVA/PAA doped SiC/MWCNTs films can be utilized in a variety of advanced applications. © 2025 by the authors.

The goal of the present study is to fabricate PVA/PEG/ZnO-GO nanocomposites and investigate their optical features. The PVA/PEG/ZnO-GO nanocomposites have been prepared by utilizing casting technique with various concentrations of (ZnO-GO) nanoparticles. The optical features have been investigated at a range of wavelengths from (220-820 nm). The analysis reveal that when (ZnO-GO) nanoparticles ratio has been increased, absorption value of PVA/PEG was boosted whereas the transmittance value was drop down. Whenever (ZnO-GO) nanocomposites ratio have been rise, the band gap was reduced from 4.7 to 3.9 eV for allowed transition from 4.3 to 3.2 eV for forbidden transition. The reduce of energy gap making PVA/PEG/ZnO-GO nanocomposites are suitable for many optoelectronics applications like sensors, diodes, solar cell, transistors and photovoltaic cell. The other optical features of PVA/PEG/ZnO-GO nanocomposites have been boosted. Finally, the outcomes of optical features reveal that the PVA/PEG/ZnO-GO nanocomposites are being possible to be utilized in many optoelectronics applications. © 2025, Walailak University. All rights reserved.

Given the shortage of surface water supplies caused by the construction of dams in the upstream countries of the Tigris River, which has reduced Iraq’s share of water, the increasing demand for water, and climate change, groundwater has emerged as a critical and essential water resource. This study aims to find the infiltration capacity and salinization of groundwater in the unconfined aquifer relationship and sustainable remediation of aquifer storage in the north Baghdad Ishaqi area of central Iraq in 2024. GIS and Surfer software were used. Ten soil and groundwater samples were extracted from sites randomly distributed throughout the area of 410 km2, with 10 double-ring infiltrometer tests being conducted at the same sites. The results of the on-site tests revealed that the central part of the area was characterized by coarse-grained soil, higher infiltration capacity, and higher groundwater concentrations, which ranged between 70–82%, 87–183 mm/hr., and 2,050–4,200 m/L, respectively. The opposite was the case in the northern and southern parts of the area. The desalination process of the Ishaqi aquifer requires a double injection of water with pumping rates of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 m3/s of water to reduce salinity from 4,500 to 500 mg/L of 108 m³ aquifer volume for periods of 8,800, 4,620, 3,140, 2,360, and 1,780 days, respectively. These periods were greatly reduced when the outflow rate became twice the inflow rate. The mitigation equation was derived from basic assumptions of enclosed aquifer and homogenous mixing. A good coincidence between theoretical and measured concentrations was obtained. The study concluded that there is a direct mathematical relationship between aquifer salination and deep filtration with a correlation factor of 0.998, which led to high total dissolved solids (TDS) accumulations in the groundwater. The desalination process is possible and requires 2–10 years depending on pumping rates. The saline aquifer mitigation procedure is a successful and beneficial long-term tool. © The Author(s) 2025.

An innovated engineering management platform has been adopted to limit the factors affecting epidemics spread, predicting future infection, and development of crowded, healthy, smart, and self-sufficient (HSSS) cities. The platform has proven to be effective in redesigning the city's infrastructure structure according to a developing city and the international standards of HSSS city to insuring a minimum number of infections. The platform itself is based on Weka Software and generalized extreme value distribution for prediction missing historical data of the case study (Covid-19 in Hillah city, mid-Iraq). The output results reveal that the percentage decrease in the number of infections of developing city scenario was between 39.3% - 100% on Jan and between 6.5% - 25.7% on Jul in the year 2030. While for HSSS scenario, the percentage decrease in infections number was found between 60.3% - 100% on Jan and 30.5% - 75.2% on Jun. The findings are that the infections number reducing is mainly depended on the possibility of infrastructures reframing and climatic conditions which are unfortunately uncontrollable. © 2024 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved.

This study evaluates the tsunami forces exerted on a terrestrial structure caused by a collision-induced tsunami. Conventionally, assessing these forces relies on the inundation depth of the colliding tsunami passing without the presence of the terrestrial structure. However, it is essential to consider the inundation depth and incident fluid velocity, as both significantly influence the resulting tsunami forces. In this research, ANSYS Fluent 17.2 is employed to simulate excitation sources using a Defined Function (UDF) code within a C++ framework. The dynamic meshing technique is adopted to replicate the interactions between the bore pressure of the tsunami and an idealised vertical wall structure across three distinct water levels. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling demonstrates the proposed methodology's capability to offer precise impact pressure distributions concerning geographical and temporal aspects. The findings reveal specific instances: at a water depth of 10 m, the maximum Froude number is attained at 3.5 and 6.9 seconds, corresponding to a maximum pressure value of 3.9x105 Pa at 3.85 seconds for a water flow velocity of 20 m/sec. Similarly, for a water depth of 12 m, the most significant Froude number is observed at 3.95 and 6.9 seconds, with a peak pressure value of 1.8x105 Pa at 4.6 seconds, associated with a water flow velocity of 15 m/s. Additionally, at a water depth of 14 m, the maximum Froude number is reached at 4.95 and 7.1 seconds, accompanied by a maximum pressure value of 7.4x104 Pa at 4.85 seconds for a water flow velocity of 10 m/s. © 2024, Semarak Ilmu Publishing. All rights reserved.

A laboratory study was conducted in the Hashimiya region in mid-Iraq, in which collapsible silty clay soil was subjected to control mechanical energy. Three random soil samples were spatially selected and carefully mixed for later testing. Each test was repeated three times and the results average was taken. The conditions included soil wetting up to 50% saturation (S) and dynamic power loads up to 300 kJ. The aim was to evaluate the efficiency of geotextile reinforcement in resisting soil collapse due to soil wetting. Tests were conducted using a test box and a specific amount of dynamic energy, various experiments were performed. The geotextile layers were placed within the soil column, in multiples of 10 cm apart. Remarkably, under conditions of dynamic energy of 200 kJ and S= 0.35, the soil collapse potential (Ie) was reduced to less than 5% with the implementation of geotextile layers spaced 10 cm apart. Subsidence reduction percentages (SR%) varied depending on the saturation levels and number of geotextile layers, with higher saturation levels and larger distances between layers leading to lower SR% and vice versa. It is found SR is 3.95, 19.78, and 40.58% in the case of 1, 2, and 3 layers of geotextile reinforcement, degree of saturation of S= 0.25, and 300 kJ dynamic energy, whereas, SR is 2.16, 14.79, and 30.44% in the case of 1, 2, and 3 layers of geotextile reinforcement, degree of saturation of S=0.5 and 300 kJ dynamic load. This research emphasizes the critical role of geotextile reinforcement in mitigating collapsible silty clay soil instability and provides insights into effective for enhancing soil stability in areas exposed to such geological challenges. © 2024, Union of Iraqi Geologists. All rights reserved.

According to the theoretical concept, the infiltration rate gradually decreases as the shallow groundwater rises to the surface of unsaturated soil regardless of the hydraulic conductivity value. It is expected to decrease to the least when the shallow groundwater level reaches the soil surface and the soil is waterlogged. For this, a deep infiltration test was conducted for four types namely as; (soil no.1: sandy clay, soils no.2, 3 and 4: clayey sand) in the laboratory by means of the infiltration box, in which the amount of infiltration is measured with the hypothetical depth of shallow groundwater. In addition, a site test of infiltration was carried out on a sandy clay field soil in the Abu-Gharaq area, west of Babylon Governorate, Iraq, by means of an infiltration square trench with dimensions of 3 m * 3 m * 2.5 m depth. The trench is connected to a drainage ditch by pipes of 3 inches in diameter for removing excess water to maintain constant artificial groundwater. The results showed that the amount of accumulated infiltration depth increases with increasing shallow groundwater depth and k of unsaturated soil zone. The mathematical relationship between them is linear with a correlation coefficient of more than 0.99. Soil texture did not affect the amount of penetration as much as the depth of groundwater. © 2023, Union of Iraqi Geologists. All rights reserved.

The inverted pendulum motion of a flexible wall constructed in the coastal lines to absorb water wave momentum of tsunami impacts as a part of regional planning at risk was invented. The oscillating motion offers a high resistance to absorb the frequent wave momentum. The flexible wall manufactured of concrete including rubber containing fine and coarse aggregate proportions ranging from 0% to 50%. The wall of a 10m height was oscillating with a displacement of 12.1 cm at the top in a time of 8 sec and returning to its position in another 8 sec so that the total time is 16 sec, which was the recorded time of tsunami wave. The interactions between the tsunami frequency dynamic pressure and elastic deformation of the wall were analyzed and modeled in ANSYS Fluent 17.2 software in transient analysis with the 3D volume-of-fluid (VOF) and (CFD) techniques. The results indicated that the maximum pressure resisted by the rubberized wall reached 77.8 kN/m2, whereas the empirical pressure was 75 kN/m2 with an error of 3.7%. The dynamic pressure on the wall at water wave velocities 5 m/s, 7 m/s and 10 m/s reached maximum values of 40, 77.8 and 90 kN/m2, after 10, 7.5 and 6.5 sec since wave collision, respectively, following an inversely and nonlinear pressure-time relationship. The max deformations occurred at a velocity of 7 m/s were 90, 100, 110, 121, 140 and 165 mm for the concrete mixes containing rubber proportions 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%, respectively, determined at 8 sec after wave collision with a variable wave amplitude initiated after 1.25 s, 2 s …etc. In contrast, the equivalent stress reached a maximum value of 31.74 MPa after 8 s of wave collision, revealing a relationship dependent on the wave speed but independent of the rubber proportion of the concrete mixes. It is also found the dynamic pressure induced by a tsunami is proportional to the velocity of the hurricane wave and inversely with time. © 2023 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved.