Scopus Research — Omran Issa Mohammed

Benoit Mandelbrot coined the word "fractal" in the late 1970s, but an object is now defined as fractals in form known to artists and mathematicians for centuries. A fractal object is self-similar in that the subsections of the object are somewhat similar to the whole object. No matter how small the subdivision is, the subsection contains no less detail than the whole. Atypical example of a fractal body is the "snowflake curve" (invented by Helga von Koch (1870-1924) in 1904.There are as many relationships between architecture, the arts, and mathematics as symmetry. The golden ratio, the Fibonacci sequence in this paper explain the method of counting box and measuring the roughness ratio. And small scale analysis after calculating the box to understand fractal concepts, we must know two dimensions. Through analyzing the samples in the research, it has been proven that fractal geometry is present everywhere in our lives in nature, in buildings, and even in plants and its role in architecture is to find fractal systems that appeal to our inclinations for dynamic vitality. Therefore, finding such fractals enables us to create high-performance structures that achieve psychological, aesthetic and environmental aspects in an integrated design. Therefore, Self- Similarity Dimension (Ds) Box-counting Dimension (Db.) All of these dimensions are directly related to the fractional dimension of Mandelbrot (D). In all similar constructions there is a relationship between the scale factor and the number of the smaller pieces the original construction is divided into. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Within last years, construction projects have quickly accelerated in both number and size. This study deals with some of effects of performance management and its outputs from service and cost viewing. By focusing on the relationship between the two main stages in construction projects, that is the design and implementing stages, the research is going on using method of questionnaire survey including four main factors: the state of design process, the state of implementing process, the state of interaction between the two stages (design and implementation) and the state of problems resulted during and after construction. A questionnaire was distributed into 50 construction projects and the data are collected and analysed through SPSS. The results have shown that there is a weak relationship between design and construction stages in local construction projects. Research showed also that it could not be claimed that this situation (weakness of the interaction of stages) is responsible of defects in the performance of these projects, which in turn results in service and cost problems. Interpreting for this situation was that the results reflected the weakness in the actual management performance in the local construction projects. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

This study suggests that the impact of management efforts does not appear clearly through the process of testing concrete specimens either when accepting or refusing cases. To make this impact clear, a simple model is used to control the quality of concrete that is measuring the process capability index witch gives a visible picture of the producing quality. Many tests were done on several concrete specimens produced from one identity (batching plant) to measure the real slump. Data is collected, and statistical analysis is made, which enables the manager to assess the level of quality of each batching process by using the calculated process capability index. The study showed that the process of accepting or refusing concrete according to the limitations of building codes is not sufficient to evaluate the quality of produced concrete. Results showed that the two groups of tests seem acceptable, but the group (1) gained a process capability index of 0.62 (not capable) and group (2) a process capability index of 1.15 (capable). Management decision is required to assess the level of management effort and accordingly, the quality of concrete. This is a trade-off process between the required quality and the corresponding cost. © 2020, Institute of Advanced Scientific Research, Inc. All rights reserved.

This study is dealing with scheduling of repetitive construction projects by using Line of Balance (LOB) method and taking a construction project as a case study. The project is consisting of 100 identical housing units. LOB is used in scheduling repetitive construction projects and it is suitable for medium to long-range scheduling. It is resource-based technique. This means ensuring continuity of work and efficient use of resources. The optimum number of crews is selected so that all crews will perform the same number of units in the same period of time. This approach is essentially the line of balance concept. It is shown in this study that the LOB method is easy method in scheduling repetitive projects in that it is easy to obtain graphically the needed data such as start or finish of each activity. The disadvantage of LOB method is that there is a need to adjust the resulted graph to take in account delays in start times resulting from several reasons. One reason is to take in account the differences between the numbers of units assigned to the work gangs. Another is to take in account the constraint of continuity. Making these adjustments leads to additional costs resulted from hidden idle times and from lengthening the duration of the whole project. One of the main objectives in scheduling repetitive projects is to minimize idle times that is to make resources working without many interruptions. In this study the resulting cost from adjustment reached about 4% from the total cost of the project. There is ability to make an alternative LOB graph that has compressed work and gets less period and less cost of project in the same time. Further research work is recommended to get such LOB scheduling. © 2019, Avestia Publishing.