Scopus Research — Haider Jabber Abd Nasar Al-Janabi

UOWC (Underwater Optical Wireless Communication) provides an effective solution in aquatic environments, with high data rates, reasonable costs, and rapid response times. However, this system faces challenges such as light scattering and water absorption. Research efforts have focused on boosting performance and lengthening the communication range, where OOK-NRZ and OOK-CSRZ modulation schemes have been proposed. SISO and MIMO configurations have also been used to simulate optical transmission networks. The system effectiveness has been evaluated in different types of water and distances, including turbid, coastal, and clear water. The UOWC system was implemented in 4 × 4 MIMO configuration, and it showed its superiority over other systems in terms of link range and error rate. In turbid water conditions, the system achieved a communication range of about 23.3 m at a transmission speed of 10 Gbps and a bit error rate of 4.99 × 10− 8. While in clear water, the link range was about 239 m featuring a bit error rate of 4.23 × 10− 8. This system provides lower bit error rates and better transmission distances compared to previous technologies. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Optical Society of India 2025.

This study introduces an innovative framework called Wavelet-Based Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (W-BiLSTM) designed to enhance spectral and energy efficiency in millimeter-wave (mmWave) large scale multiple-input multiple-output (LS-MIMO) systems. The approach combines wavelet transforms for efficient signal decomposition and noise reduction with BiLSTM networks to extract robust features and optimize hybrid beamforming. By integrating these techniques, the W-BiLSTM framework improves channel estimation precision and beamforming performance, tackling key issues related to energy usage and spectral efficiency in advanced wireless communication systems. Comprehensive simulations reveal that the W-BiLSTM framework outperforms existing methods such as Dual-Deep-Network (DDN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), and Autoencoders. Notably, it achieves spectral efficiency improvements of up to 13.5 bps/Hz and energy efficiency gains of up to 50 bits/Joule, alongside a substantial reduction in bit error rate (BER) across various signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). These findings underscore the framework’s capability to address the demanding needs of 5G and future wireless technologies, offering a pathway toward more efficient and dependable communication systems. To improve reproducibility and benchmarking, the suggested framework is also assessed using the publicly accessible DeepMIMO dataset (Scenario O1), demonstrating its resilience under standardized mmWave conditions. © This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. License details: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

As global demand for high-speed telecommunications and Internet of Things (IoT) services continues to rise exponentially, the limitations of the crowded radio frequency (RF) spectrum are becoming more apparent. With bandwidth scarcity leading to increased latency, interference, and data bottlenecks, alternative solutions are urgently needed. Visible Light Communication (VLC) is gaining momentum as a next-generation wireless technology capable of alleviating these constraints. Operating within the visible spectrum, VLC provides an unlicensed, high-bandwidth alternative that offers significant advantages in terms of data rate, availability, reliability, and physical-layer security. This work proposes a novel wireless optical communication system specifically designed for outdoor use. The system incorporates forward error correction (FEC) through space-time block coding (STBC) to enhance resilience against signal degradation, noise, and environmental interference. A comprehensive simulation was conducted to evaluate system performance under varying weather conditions, including dry, rainy, and foggy scenarios. The proposed system demonstrated successful data transmission rates of 15 Gbps across a 100-meter link using four white LEDs as the light sources. Bit error rate (BER) was maintained at 10⁻³, with corresponding signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values of 21 dB in dry weather, 22 dB in rain, and 23 dB in fog. These results indicate strong performance and robustness across diverse environmental conditions, outperforming previous VLC configurations. This study not only underscores the viability of VLC as a high-speed, secure alternative to RF-based communication but also lays the groundwork for future development. Upcoming efforts will focus on hardware prototyping, real-world testing, and adaptive algorithms to further enhance system reliability. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Optical Society of India 2025.

Dam safety management system is an organized approach to managing dam safety and its important aspect of water resource management, water infrastructure integrity, and public safety. It plays a crucial role in climate change adaptation and mitigation. However, dam safety is a major global concern that requires reliable monitoring systems to identify risks early and take appropriate action. The main features of a dam are its foundations, main wall, spillway, outlet works, associated equipment and monitoring system. Through good planning, robust design and regular maintenance, dams can generate electricity, save water, protect communities and support sustainable economic development. Recently, smart technologies have been deployed in several dams to enhance the ability to monitor, maintain, use real-time data and predictive analytics, ensuring the safety and resilience of dams in the face of climate change. There is several monitoring technologies used in dam safety. One of the potential technologies is Light Fidelity (LiFi) technology which can improve dam safety in various ways through real-time monitoring, underwater communication, enhanced security in disaster management, energy efficient solutions, remote control and automation solutions and high-speed data transmission solutions. LiFi technology offers benefits that include high-speed connectivity, enhanced security, and reduced electromagnetic interference by using visible or infrared light to wirelessly transmit data. LiFi technology makes it easier to monitor important data in real time, such as environmental conditions, structural integrity, and water levels. Large amounts of sensor data can be transferred quickly thanks to fast data transfer rates, which facilitate rapid emergency response plans, proactive decision-making and integration with the Internet of Things (IoT). This paper is a review on the use of LiFi technology for dam safety management. It looks into the use case, challenges and future directions of LiFi in dam monitoring. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

Electrocardiography (ECG/EKG) is a useful and straightforward examination that allows for the assessment of different cardiac conditions by recording electrical impulses within the heart. The identification of abnormal cardiac activity is determined by the useful information obtained from the ECG signal. Noise signal elimination is essential to carefully analyze ECG signals. To demonstrate cardiac irregularities by analyzing the ECG signal, it is necessary to extract different characteristics. This article presents a new method to improve the efficiency of ECG signals by employing the invasive weed optimization (IWO) algorithm. The objective is to extract an optimized thresholding value. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was assessed by utilizing the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database containing 48 records. The proposed method showed advancements in terms of quicker detection and better performance compared to other contemporary modalities in similar circumstances. The proposed method demonstrated high performance with a sensitivity rate of 99.96%, positive productivity rate of 99.80%, accuracy rate of 99.20%, error rate of 0.628%, and an F-score of 0.995 as the overall average across all records. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.

This paper introduces a novel Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (MIMO-NOMA) system integrated with Filter Bank Multicarrier using Offset Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (FBMC/OQAM), designed to overcome the spectral inefficiency and limited multi-user support of conventional MIMO-Orthogonal Multiple Access (MIMO-OMA) frameworks. By synergizing the spatial diversity of MIMO, the power-domain multiplexing capabilities of NOMA, and the spectral advantages of FBMC/OQAM—such as reduced inter-carrier interference and enhanced spectral containment—the proposed system achieves significant performance gains. A rigorous mathematical model is developed to evaluate the system under Rayleigh, Rician, and Nakagami fading channels, with a focus on achievable sum rate, outage probability, and spectral efficiency. Analytical results demonstrate that the 3×3 MIMO-NOMA-FBMC/OQAM configuration attains an exceptional sum rate of 35 bps/Hz for near users, outperforming MIMO-OMA by 86%, while reducing outage probability for far users by 50% at high SNR regimes. The system’s ability to dynamically allocate power (e.g., coefficients 0.65, 0.25, 0.1 for 3×3 configurations) and leverage FBMC’s spectral efficiency factor (η_(FBMC > 1)) ensures robust performance across heterogeneous channel conditions. Comparative studies against existing MIMO-OMA and NOMA variants highlight superior fairness, reliability, and capacity, particularly in dense multi-user environments. These findings position the proposed architecture as a pivotal enabler for future wireless networks, addressing critical demands for high throughput, low latency, and scalable connectivity in 5G/6G systems. © (2025), (Intelligent Network and Systems Society). All rights reserved.

In this research, a high-chromium white cast iron alloy was studied to improve the mechanical properties of wear-resistant wear. This is done by adding titanium as an alloying element during the casting process, forming an initial phase, titanium carbide. Titanium was added by (0 up to 2.595 Ti%) on six Hypoeutectic high-chromium cast iron alloys and studied the as-cast microstructure and mechanical properties. First, the structure was changed, and the refined structure was observed with the increase of titanium and the formation of small particles of titanium carbide within the austenite. The amount and size of carbides then increased and clustered at the crystal boundary between the austenite and the secondary carbides M7C3. The results demonstrated that the hardness increased gradually with the increase of the Titanium ratio, however, as the Titanium ratio increased above 0.99% the impact toughness increased initially and then subsequently dropped. Wear resistance increased as titanium increased to 2.1 Ti and then decreased. The maximum wear resistance was achieved and good impact strength for high chromium white cast iron alloy (3 C%, 14 Cr%) when titanium was added by 2.1 Ti%. © 2025, Semarak Ilmu Publishing. All rights reserved.

Light fidelity (LiFi) is one of the most promising areas within wireless optical communication system. It provides many benefits, including high capacity, improved security and enhanced cost-effectiveness. However, there is still challenges which are link blockages, attenuation, interference and bandwidth restriction of modulation techniques. Orthogonal space–time block coding (OSTBC) offers a suitable solution to address link blockage by providing an alternative communication channel between the transmitter and the receiver. OSTBC has more tolerate to the practical channel impact limitation such as attenuation and interference that may occur in overlapping regions. In addition, the use of the OSTBC technique enhances the system's ability to transfer data as the transmission rate is duplicated by the number of transmitters and receivers. This paper proposes the utilisation of a LiFi transceiver-based OSTBC that employs quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) in conjunction with orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). Co-simulation tools have been done by integrated Matlab with Optisystem, were used in the design of LiFi transceiver with all assumption required. The findings reveal the capability of LiFi transceiver of transmitting rate up to 15 Gbps with maintaining a satisfactory bit error rate (BER) of 10−4 over a link range of 200 m even in the presence of realistic channel effects. Moreover, the LiFi transceiver's structure used does not incorporate optical amplifier components, resulting in reduced computational complexity compared to conventional LiFi transceivers. The proposed system proved its progress over the previous work under the influence of the same input effects. © 2024

The automatic categorization of power quality disturbances (PQDs) presents a formidable task for utility and industry professionals. This study introduces a novel technique for the automatic classification of PQDs that involves employing an ensemble classification model combined with Tunable-Q wavelet transform (TQWT) analysis. The TQWT has been observed to accurately capture the sparsity in PQD signals within the time-scale domain. The methodology under consideration commences by implementing the TQWT to effectively assess the behavior and sparsity of PQD signals. The considered signals are decomposed through the use of TQWT into a set of sub-bands that possess limited bandwidth. This decomposition process enables enhanced feature extraction capabilities. In order to assess the efficacy of classification algorithms, a set of three distinct statistical features (variance, skewness, and kurtosis) is obtained from the TQWT decomposed signals, which are utilized as the training vector. The present study employs random forest and AdaBoost algorithm-based classifiers to effectively classify twelve frequently occurring PQD signals. An investigation was conducted regarding several power signal disturbances, each associated with varying levels of noise. The objective was to demonstrate the effectiveness of a proposed classification scheme when operating under noisy conditions. A comparative analysis of the classification accuracies using previously proposed techniques reveals a distinctly enhanced performance. The research results illustrate that the proposed ensemble classification model exhibits exceptional performance in terms of classification accuracy, achieving a perfect score of 100%. These findings further highlight the superior recognition performance of the random forest classifier within the ensemble. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024.

- Rapid development of 5G networks encourages researchers to improve the radio-over-fiber (RoF) technique in order to reach 10 Gbps data transmission rates, to increase bandwidth and range, while reducing latency and implementation cost. This paper evaluates an analog radio-over-fiber (ARoF) technique that is compatible with long-distance communication systems. We demonstrate a long distance transmission of a 28 GHz 64 QAM signal via a single mode fiber (SMF) after modulating it with the use of two parallel Mach-Zehnder modulators, without any optical amplifiers. The results show that our prototype solution is capable of transferring data over distances of up to 140 km, via SMF, with a 10 Gbps data rate. The error vector magnitude (EVM) was found to be 7.709%. The proposed system offers exceptional capabilities in terms of supporting high bitrates, while ensuring that EVM remains within the 3GPP limits. Compared to other works, the proposed solution proves to be superior in terms of performance, making it an ideal choice for next generation long-haul communication systems. © 2024 National Institute of Telecommunications. All rights reserved.

Digital Radio over Fiber (DRoF) technologies end up being the most often used option for the backbone of Wide Area Networks (WAN). The main goal of this paper is to evaluate a DRoF scheme called Sigma Delta Radio over Fiber (SDRoF). Studies have been done on the suggested system performance metrics, such as Error Vector Magnitude (EVM). According to the simulation findings, the suggested model can handle 6.144 Gbps data transfer up to 300 km with zero BER and an EVM of about 4.153%. The proposed system model was found to be superior to the most recent peer-reviewed papers. © 2024 Taylor & Francis.

Nonlinearities in optical fibers are regarded as the most significant barriers that endanger the effectiveness of the optical transmission system and pose a threat to communication quality. Four-wave mixing (FWM) is one of the most important nonlinear effects that greatly reduces the wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) system performance at high data rates over extended transmission distances. This research examines, and assesses, numerically, the behavior of a 4-channel, 40 Gbps WDM system under the effect of the FWM under various tuning parameters, including dispersion, input power, and wavelength spacing. The system model was built using OptiSystem software, and then three different modulation formats, namely, Non-return-to-zero-frequency shift keying, Return-to-zero frequency shift keying, and differential phase shift keying (DPSK) are used to assess the FWM power penalty. The results demonstrate that the FWM power penalty obtained with 1 nm wavelength separation in the DPSK method is dramatically reduced to −35 dBm. This study also demonstrates that when power variation is taken into consideration, the DPSK modulation scheme delivers a lower bit error rate in comparison to other modulation schemes. © 2024 the author(s).

In this work, photonic crystal waveguides are studied and examined to perform high-frequency filtering and mode-splitting functions in optical networks. The waveguides are modeled numerically and their behavior is analyzed using the finite element method. The parametric sweep optimization method is used to calculate the design parameters. The results show that crystal waveguides can be effectively used as high-frequency filters and mode splitter, with high filtering efficiency and acceptable isolation of the Transverse Electric (TE) modes. In high frequencies (200 THz), this filter allows light to propagate with a low loss compared to other wavelengths. This means this structure can be used for wavelength drop filters in the Wavelength Division Multiplexing WDM systems. This model allows Transverse Magnetic (TM) modes to propagate with TE mode rejection. The power flow of the Electromagnetic EM waves is presented and compared. The TM wave passes to the other side of the filter with a relatively small attenuation (-5 dB). Photonic Crystal (PhC) waveguides can be used to design effective high-frequency filters and mode control devices in communications systems. The research outcomes reveal that PhC waveguides offer acceptable performance and provide a promising basis for developing new applications. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Optical Society of India 2024.

Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (DSF) is essential for reducing chromatic dispersion in high-speed optical communication systems. This study investigates the influence of Four Wave Mixing (FWM) on the quality of signals in orthogonal channels. We examine the advantages of DSF technology and analyze the impact of modulation formats such as On-Off Keying with Return-to-Zero (OOK-RZ) and Duo Binary Modulation class-1 (DBM-1) on transmission performance at different distances. This research assesses the efficacy of orthogonal channels in mitigating four-wave mixing (FWM) effects and improving the overall performance of eight-channel systems at distances of 100 km and 200 km through computer simulations. The results of our study show notable enhancements, namely in optimizing the Q-factor (a metric for signal quality) and reducing bit error rates when employing orthogonal channels compared to previous work. By integrating orthogonal channels with OOK-RZ modulation, we achieved higher performance and reduced nonlinear impairments in a simulated eight-channel system with 50 GHz spacing and 80 Gb/s data rates. This effect was particularly pronounced at high input power levels. At an input power of 20 dBm and a distance of 200 km, this particular combination yielded a maximum Q-factor of 27.25 and a minimum FWM power of −54 dBm. In comparison, under the same conditions, the use of OOK-RZ alone resulted in an FWM power of −24 dBm and a Q-factor of only 1.63. This research provides vital insights into enhancing the efficiency and dependability of optical communication systems, hence facilitating breakthroughs in high-speed data transfer and network scalability. © 2024 Elsevier GmbH

Heartbeat sounds serve as biological signals that aid in the early identification of cardiovascular conditions. Phonocardiograms (PCG), which are recordings of digital heartbeat sounds, are employed for the identification and automated categorization of potential heart ailments. This research presents a technique for categorizing heart sounds by combining WST (Wavelet Scattering Transform) & EO (Equilibrium Optimization). Regarding the signal of phonocardiography (PCG), the cardiac sound signal can be categorized into two primary classifications: abnormal and normal. This work analyzes the characteristics of the phonocardiogram signal and subsequently employs machine learning methods to classify these features. During the feature-extracting process, we employed wavelet scattering in conjunction with the equilibrium optimizer method. We utilized the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) classifier for the purposes of learning and categorization. The experiments aimed to assess the impact of the optimization technique on the algorithm's performance, demonstrating its effectiveness. The findings revealed that our method achieved an accuracy of 99.5% when applied to the PCG dataset in distinguishing abnormal heart sounds from normal ones, surpassing the performance of all previous methods. © 2013 IEEE.

The emergence of delay-sensitive applications in cellular networks has made outage probability a key metric in meeting 5G's low-latency requirements. Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology, paired with Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) and Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA), enhances spectral efficiency and reliability by enabling simultaneous multi-user communication. In Power Domain NOMA (PD-NOMA) networks, fair power allocation significantly impacts performance. This study develops a 2×2 MIMO-NOMA model with fixed power allocation and proposes two advanced techniques: Near User Fair Power (NUFP) allocation and Modified Near User Fair Power (MNUFP) allocation. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods, with the MNUFP algorithm reducing near-user outage probability from 0.94 to 0.16 at a target rate of 5.5 bps/Hz, a 78% improvement compared to NUFP. Additionally, MIMO-NOMA achieves a 30% higher sum rate compared to MIMO-OMA due to simultaneous user access. The study underscores MNUFP's effectiveness in balancing spectral efficiency and fairness, offering valuable insights for future PD-NOMA systems. Copyright: ©2024 The authors.

In this work, we will propose an electro-optic modulator using a Si/Sio2/Al/GST/Cu plasmonic waveguide. This modulator is based on Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST), one of the most significant and widely used phase change materials. When the phase change material (GST) electrically changes the phase from an amorphous state to a crystalline state, it restricts the transmission of waves inside a plasmonic waveguide. The aluminum layer's plasmonic effect, known as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), will enhance the light-matter interaction and generally improve the moderator's performance. There are three types of waveguide side walls in this study: trapezoidal (D1), rectangular (D2), and triangular (D3) shapes. This study used the finite element method (FEM) in COMSOL Multiphysics at the 500 nm-long nano plasmonic optical modulator. The trapezoidal plasmonic waveguide has the highest extinction ratio of 12.37 dB/μm, followed by the triangular waveguide at 9.56 dB/μm, and the rectangular electro-optical modulator at 8.92 dB/μm. © 2024 IEEE.

— The rapid development of the Fifth Generation (5G) networks encourages researchers to improve the Radio over Fiber (RoF) technique to achieve data rates of 10 Gbps and beyond. That led to a significant increase in bandwidth and range while reducing latency and cost. This paper evaluates an Analog Radio over Fiber (ARoF) technique compatible with Next-Generation (NG) long-haul communication systems, aiming for simplicity and lower cost. Transmitting a 28 GHz, 256 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) signal through Single-Mode Fiber (SMF) is possible by modulating it through two parallel Mach-Zehnder Modulators (MZM), allowing signal reception over long distances. The Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) appraises performance of the system. The simulation results indicate that the prototype can transfer data at 10 Gbps through the optical link up to 570 km with an EVM of 3.375% and received optical power of 4.015 dBm. The proposed system supports a high bit rate and maintains the EVM within 3GPP limits, making it superior to peer publications and highly appropriate for NG long-haul communication systems. © 2024 SBMO/SBMag.

The design and optimization of T-shaped patch antennas for MIMO applications of contemporary wireless communication schemes are presented in this paper. Electromagnetic modeling systems have become essential for developing and improving wireless networks due to the rapid rise of wireless communication technologies, including 5G and beyond. A test Poisson's ratio of 0.33, a Young's modulus of 120 KN/mm2, annealed copper as a lossy metal, the electrical conductivity 5.8e+7 s/m, and a specific heat value of 390 [1/K/kg] are used in the preparation of the model for the antenna structure. T-shaped patch antennas (MIMO) are the type of antenna utilized in modern wireless applications. Two T-shaped antennas are put on top of a 37 × 44 mm2 FR4 substrate, which has a thickness of 0.035 mm. The unit cell is constructed with a width of 5.00 mm. The external lengths are 4.20mm and 3.45mm. The present study aims to reduce mutual coupling between two patch antennas by enhancing their isolation through the use of five meta-material unit cells. The two antennas operate at a frequency of 5.8GHz. Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software is used to simulate their antenna efficiency, realized gain, diversity gain, and surface current distribution at 99%, 4 dB, 9.99 dB, and 375 A/m, respectively. © 2024 IEEE.

In wireless networks, radio resources are typically allocated to users through Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA) techniques. However, as the number of users grows, the performance of the network can be significantly enhanced by integrating Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) with a MIMO-NOMA-OQAM-FBMC system. NOMA offers notable improvements in key performance metrics, including outage probability, bit error rate (BER), spectral efficiency, and latency. This paper investigates the effect of NOMA, particularly when coupled with fair power allocation strategies, on the system's performance, especially in terms of outage probability. The study compares fixed and dynamic power allocation schemes, assessing their impact on BER and achievable rates. The MIMO-NOMA-OQAM-FBMC system utilizes Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) at the receiver to decode user data, a process that can be complex, especially when SIC is imperfect. In the dynamic power allocation approach, higher power is typically allocated to users who are further away, which may lead to increased outage probability for closer users. To address this, a novel fair power allocation technique is proposed that adjusts power distribution to minimize outage probability while meeting each user's target rate and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) requirements. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed power allocation strategy significantly improves outage probability compared to conventional methods, offering a more reliable and efficient solution for multi-user systems. © 2024 IEEE.

In this work, a new technique in suppressing the effect of four-wave mixing (FWM) by Odd-Even Channels Arrangement (OEC) is presented. The proposed technique is verified mathematically and by simulations with other recent techniques which are input power and channel spacing under the same input parameters. Simulation was done with the power variation effect, and the bit rate was 100 Gb/s. Based on theoretical and simulation analyses, FWM power was drastically reduced by more than 10 dB when OEC was conducted. In terms of system performance, OEC offered better performance than previous techniques in both theoretical and simulation analyses. © 2018, Electromagnetics Academy. All rights reserved.