Scopus Research — Hasanain.Khaleel.Ibrahim

Cold tumors lack antitumor immunity and are resistant to therapy, representing a major challenge in cancer medicine. Because of the immunosuppressive spirit of the tumor microenvironment (TME), this form of tumor has a low response to immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and also chemotherapy. Cold tumors have low infiltration of immune cells and a high expression of co-inhibitory molecules, such as immune checkpoints and immunosuppressive molecules. Therefore, targeting TME and remodeling immunity in cold tumors can improve the chance of tumor repression after therapy. However, tumor stroma prevents the infiltration of inflammatory cells and hinders the penetration of diverse molecules and drugs. Nanoparticles are an intriguing tool for the delivery of immune modulatory agents and shifting cold to hot tumors. In this review article, we discuss the mechanisms underlying the ability of nanoparticles loaded with different drugs and products to modulate TME and enhance immune cell infiltration. We also focus on newest progresses in the design and development of nanoparticle-based strategies for changing cold to hot tumors. These include the use of nanoparticles for targeted delivery of immunomodulatory agents, such as cytokines, small molecules, and checkpoint inhibitors, and for co-delivery of chemotherapy drugs and immunomodulatory agents. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of nanoparticles for enhancing the efficacy of cancer vaccines and cell therapy for overcoming resistance to treatment. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Federación de Sociedades Españolas de Oncología (FESEO) 2024.

This study introduces a pioneering approach in cancer therapy via the green synthesis of 1,2,4-triazole chromene derivatives, utilizing a magnetically recyclable nanocatalyst. A core-shell MFe₂O₄@Piperazine magnetic nanocatalyst (MNPs) was synthesized and thoroughly characterized through FT-IR, XRD, EDS, FESEM, TEM, and VSM analyses, confirming its efficient catalytic activity. The nanocatalyst enabled a one-pot, multicomponent Knoevenagel-condensation-cyclization cascade reaction under eco-friendly conditions, yielding a library of 1,2,4-triazole chromene hybrids (7a-i and 8a-i). These hybrids demonstrated significant antiproliferative effects against A549, MCF-7, and HepG2 cancer cell lines. Notably, compounds 7e and 8e, containing a 3,4,5-trimethoxy pharmacophore, exhibited potent cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells (IC50: 1.21 and 1.02 μM, respectively), surpassing the clinical reference drug, etoposide (Etoposide). Importantly, these compounds displayed high cancer cell selectivity with minimal toxicity to normal L929 cells. Mechanistic studies confirmed a dual-action pathway involving apoptosis induction and microtubule destabilization. This research not only presents a sustainable synthesis platform for bioactive compounds but also identifies promising anticancer leads, paving the way for advancements in cancer therapeutics © 2025 Elsevier B.V.

Background: Hospital and community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus is a major concern for healthcare costs in addition to severe morbidity and mortality. Staphylococcus aureus biofilm generation contributes considerably to treatment failures. Objective: The current study intends to determine the association between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance in isolated S. aureus. Materials and Methods: During the period from June 2022 to October 2022, 80 clean, voided, a midstream specimen of urine (MSU) were obtained from patients who attended the AL-Hashimiyah General Hospital. Cultured assays and conventional biochemical tests were performed to isolate and identify S. aureus and then confirmed by using VITEK2 system. Results: The results of the antimicrobial resistance test by the disc diffusion method for nine antibiotics from different groups showed Erythromycin 36)66.66%(, Trimethoprim 31)57.4%(, Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 30 (55.55%), Ceftriaxone 23 (42.59%), Meropenem 17 (31.48), Ciprofloxacin 10 (18.51%), Nitrofuranate 10 (18.51%), Imipenem 5 (9.25%) while the less resistant showed with antibiotic Vancomycin 3 (5.55%). Through this study, it was found that women are more susceptible to urinary tract infection, where the ratio was (38/54) 70.37% compared to men (16/54) 29.62% susceptible to infection. Monitoring the resistance and spread of Staphylococcus aureus is of paramount importance in clinical management. The prevalence of biofilm producer isolated bacteria was 43 (79.6%) that 18 (41.8%) produced strong biofilm, 25 (58.1%) produced moderate biofilm, and 11 (20.3%) isolates produced non/weak biofilm. Conclusions: The study's findings indicate that a high frequency of urinary tract infections is associated with Staphylococcus aureus also this pathogen highly biofilm-producing is developing resistance to numerous antibiotics used in this study and thus decreasing their value in the empirical management of simple UTIs. Therefore, it's imperative to implement fresh approaches to combat antibiotic resistance. The high prevalence of S. aureus has been a serious health concern in urological patients. © 2025 Medical Journal of Babylon.

The utilization of medicinal plant extracts in therapeutics has been hindered by various challenges, including poor bioavailability and stability issues. Nanovesicular delivery systems have emerged as promising tools to overcome these limitations by enhancing the solubility, bioavailability, and targeted delivery of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. This review explores the applications of nanovesicular delivery systems in antibacterial and anticancer therapeutics using medicinal plant extracts. We provide an overview of the bioactive compounds present in medicinal plants and their therapeutic properties, emphasizing the challenges associated with their utilization. Various types of nanovesicular delivery systems, including liposomes, niosomes, ethosomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles, among others, are discussed in detail, along with their potential applications in combating bacterial infections and cancer. The review highlights specific examples of antibacterial and anticancer activities demonstrated by these delivery systems against a range of pathogens and cancer types. Furthermore, we address the challenges and limitations associated with the scale-up, stability, toxicity, and regulatory considerations of nanovesicular delivery systems. Finally, future perspectives are outlined, focusing on emerging technologies, integration with personalized medicine, and potential collaborations to drive forward research in this field. Overall, this review underscores the potential of nanovesicular delivery systems for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of medicinal plant extracts in antibacterial and anticancer applications, while identifying avenues for further research and development. Graphical Abstract: The role of nanovesicular delivery systems in enhancing the therapeutic potential of medicinal plant extracts against bacterial infections and cancer. (Figure presented.) © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024.

Colon cancer typically affects older adults, though it can happen at any age. Colon cancer, also known as Caco-2, is caused by multiple epigenetic alterations and involves unregulated proliferation, differentiation, and invasion of neighboring tissues. Colon cancer patients have had surgery, radiation, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy. This study investigates a new experimental method using inexpensive and environmentally friendly Egyptian plant extracts. DMSO-dissolved ginger, garlic, cinnamon, and chamomile were employed in this investigation. HPLC and GC-MS were used to analyze plant extracts. These extracts were tested for colon cancer efficacy using various methods. These methods included Caco-2 cells, MTT test, Annexin V-FITC flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, and ELISA. Garlic and ginger were found to be cytotoxic to Caco-2 cells. Compared to cinnamon and chamomile extracts, garlic and ginger have boosted LDH synthesis significantly. Garlic and ginger also altered autophagy genes (Bectin1, Atg5, PTEN) and Caspase-3 expression pathways on proapoptotic signaling. Garlic and ginger increased cleaved PTEN and caspase-3 and decreased Atg5 and Bectin1. Ginger and garlic caused extrinsic apoptosis and prevented Atg5 and Bectin1 phosphorylation. The average IL-8 and IL-6 levels increased significantly after 24 hours, according to ELISA. In conclusion, garlic and ginger extracts modify pro-inflammatory cytokines. Alternative herbal remedies like garlic and ginger may be effective and safe colon cancer treatments. © This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License

Proteus mirabilis, a urease-producing bacterium, is a frequent culprit in urinary tract infections (UTIs). Most Gram-negative bacteria are characterized by their ability to produce biofilms outside their bodies, which usually adhere to solid surfaces. Biofilm formation is a significant concern in UTIs as it can hinder the efficacy of antibiotic treatment. The connection between antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm development was examined in this study in P. mirabilis isolates from UTI patients to identify the profiles of antibiotic susceptibility of P. mirabilis, assess biofilm formation ability among these isolates, and explore potential links between antibiotic resistance and biofilm production. The urine samples of 300 UTI patients from August to November 2023 were taken in Hilla city, Iraq. P. mirabilis isolates were identified and subjected to disc diffusion testing for antibiotic susceptibility and microtiter plate assays for biofilm formation. The results showed that all 67 P. mirabilis isolates harbored the urease gene and exhibited the highest resistance rates to trimethoprim (43.28%), chloramphenicol (31.34%), vancomycin (41.79%), and nitrofurantoin (29.85%), while all isolates were imipenem susceptible. Resistance to other antibiotics ranged from 2.9% to 13.43%. Importantly, 21 (31.34%) isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). All isolates formed biofilms with 23 (34.3%) demonstrating strong biofilm production, significantly associated with MDR isolates. This study revealed a substantial proportion of P. mirabilis isolates from UTI patients displaying the development of biofilms and carrying antibiotic resistance, especially among MDR isolates. These findings underscored the crucial need for continuous antibiotic resistance surveillance and novel strategies for preventing and treating UTIs caused by P. mirabilis. © (2024), (Bio Tech System). All Rights Reserved.