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Scopus Research — Ali Shakir Majdi

Civil Engineering

200 Total Research

4284 Total Citations

2026 Latest Publication

6 Publication Types

Showing 200 research papers

2026

7 papers

Innovative design of Bi4O5l2/Bi7O9I3-C composites for reinforced piezophotocatalytic treatment of color and colorless pollutants under LED radiation and ultrasonic power

2026

Graimed B.H.; Jabbar Z.H.; Merdas H.S.; Ammar S.H.; Shahad R.F.; Majdi A.

Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry , Vol. 471

7 citations Article English ISSN: 10106030

Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniya, Iraq; Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Nahrain University, Jadriya, Baghdad, Iraq; College of Engineering, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq; Department of Soil and Water Resources Sciences, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, 58000, Iraq; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, 51001 Hillah, Babylon, Iraq

This work introduces a novel fabrication of Bi4O5l2/Bi7O9I3-C composites via the ultrasonic-assisted wet impregnation strategy. Robust characterizations, such as XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, BET, UV–Vis DRS, PL, and EIS, were employed to identify the ternary heterojunction and its components. Developing Bi4O5l2/Bi7O9I3-C heterojunction could significantly boost piezoelectric and photocatalytic properties. The light utilization was expanded by incorporating carbon nanoparticles into Bi4O5l2/Bi7O9I3, which promotes electrical conductivity and narrows the band gap of composites. The piezocatalytic, photocatalytic, and piezophotocatalytic activity of Bi4O5l2/Bi7O9I3-C was tested for the degradation of color and colorless organic pollutants, like crystal violet (CV), malachite green (MG), tetracycline (TC), and levofloxacin (LFX). The Bi4O5l2/Bi7O9I3-C showed powerful piezophotocatalytic treatment in a short time (40 min) with removal efficiencies of 97.5 %, 100 %, 91.3 %, and 94.4 % against CV, MG, TC, and LFX, respectively. The first-order kinetics revealed the superiority of piezophotocatalytic efforts of Bi4O5l2/Bi7O9I3-C, which is 5.36 and 1.67 times greater than sole piezocatalytic and photocatalytic, respectively. The integrated work of piezoelectric force, light irradiation, and Z-scheme charge mode exhibited rapid charge separation, boosted charge generation, and positive valence band potential, resulting in enhanced piezophotocatalytic performance. Ultimately, our study encourages the employment of Bi-based catalysts in piezophotocatalytic fields to improve the degradation efficiency and reduce the pollutant degradation time. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.

Keywords: Bi<sub>4</sub>O<sub>5</sub>l<sub>2</sub>/Bi<sub>7</sub>O<sub>9</sub>I<sub>3</sub>-C Carbon nanoparticles Organic pollutants Piezophotocatalysis Z-scheme

Elsevier B.V. | Art. 116717 | EID: 2-s2.0-105014017108

Enhancing compressive strength prediction of sustainable concrete using MEP and GEP models with SHAP-based interpretation

2026

George S.; Hussain S.A.; Alamiery A.A.; Pathan M.G.; Sabihuddin S.; Thakur N.; Majdi A.; Smerat A.

Asian Journal of Civil Engineering , Vol. 27 (1), pp. 245-262

3 citations Article English ISSN: 15630854

Department of Civil Engineering, St. Vincent Pallotti College of Engineering and Technology, Nagpur, India; Department of Civil Engineering, Anjuman College of Engineering and Technology, Nagpur, India; Al-Ayen Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen Iraqi University, P.O. Box: 64004, AUIQ, An Nasiriyah, Thi Qar, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, Priyadarshini Bhagwati College of Engineering, Maharashtra, Nagpur, India; Department of Civil Engineering, Prof Ram Meghe College of Engineering and Management, Badnera, India; Department of Civil Engineering, Bajaj Institute of Technology, Maharashtra, Wardha, 442001, India; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al- Mustaqbal University, Hillah, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Faculty of Educational Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, 19328, Jordan; Department of Biosciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, India

This study aims to develop precise and interpretable predictive models for estimating the compressive strength (CS) of Rice Husk Ash (RH Ash) based concrete through the application of symbolic machine learning techniques. Given the increasing emphasis on sustainable construction materials, it is essential that predictive models are both accurate and explainable. In this research, Gene Expression Programming (GEP) and Multi-Expression Programming (MEP) algorithms were employed using six critical input variables: cement, RH Ash, water, superplasticizer, age, and fine aggregate. The GEP model achieved R2 values of 0.87 (training), 0.91 (testing), and 0.84 (validation), whereas the MEP model demonstrated superior performance with R2 = 0.93, RMSE = 4.73 MPa, and MAE = 3.88 MPa. To enhance model transparency, SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) analysis was conducted. Cement (mean SHAP value ≈ 0.60) and specimen age (≈ 0.52) were identified as the most influential predictors of CS. Water (≈ − 0.48) consistently exhibited a negative contribution, while RH Ash demonstrated an optimal non-linear influence (≈ 0.41), underscoring the importance of dosage control. Fine aggregate and superplasticizer exhibited lower contributions (≈ 0.28 and ≈ 0.21, respectively). The integration of symbolic machine learning and SHAP-based interpretation not only enhances predictive capability but also provides engineering insights for mix design optimization. This research will contribute to the development of performance-based design frameworks for sustainable concrete, offering a valuable tool for future research and construction industry applications involving industrial by-products such as Rice Husk Ash. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

Keywords: Compressive strength prediction Gene expression programming (GEP) Multi-expression programming (MEP) Rice husk ash SHAP analysis

Springer Nature | EID: 2-s2.0-105012928827

Denoising of digital images using modified recursive cycle-spinning and wavelet shrinkage

2026

Chawhan M.; Neole B.; Sah P.; Lad B.V.; Algburi S.; Abdulhadi A.M.; Majdi A.; Khan W.A.

Eurasip Journal on Advances in Signal Processing , Vol. 2026 (1)

Article Open Access English ISSN: 16876172

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, India; Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Ramdeobaba University, Nagpur, India; Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Purnea College of Engineering, Bihar Engineering University, Bihar, India; Head of AI and Vision, OZ Sports, Nagpur, India; Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk, 36015, Iraq; Al-Safwa University College, Kerbala, Iraq; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hillah, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Institute of Technology, Dire-Dawa University, Dire Dawa, 1362, Ethiopia

The denoising and accurate reconstruction of signals with fine details are challenging problems in signal processing. Traditional methods employ discrete wavelet transform-based techniques to address this issue. One such method, known as cycle spinning, estimates the original signal by averaging multiple denoised versions obtained from shifted and thresholded representations of the noisy input. In this study, we propose a modified recursive cycle spinning algorithm that enhances this approach by introducing a scaled-down threshold during the wavelet shrinkage step. The method involves computing the linear average of reconstructions derived from wavelet transforms of various shifted sequences of the noisy signal. This modification significantly improved computational efficiency while preserving the important signal characteristics. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through a comparative analysis with existing techniques, including the standard recursive cycle spinning method, non-local means method, and dual-tree complex wavelet transform approach. © The Author(s) 2025.

Keywords: Cycle spinning algorithm DWT Noise Recursive cycle-spinning Wavelet shrinkage

Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH | Art. 1 | EID: 2-s2.0-105026755560

Innovative low-carbon applications of non-traditional cementitious materials for municipal solid waste incineration fly ash stabilization

2026

Hamada H.M.; Al-Attar A.; Al-Sadoon Z.A.; Mohammed V.R.; Beddu S.; Majdi A.; Ainomugisha S.

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Engineering , Vol. 21 (1)

Review Open Access English ISSN: 30048958

Al-Qalam University College, Kirkuk, 36001, Iraq; Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq; Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang, Selangor, 43000, Malaysia; Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Al Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, Babylon, Iraq; Department of Construction Economics and Management, School of Built Environment, College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda

The improper disposal of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI-FA) presents serious environmental and health risks due to its toxic constituents, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable treatment and reuse strategies. This study aims to evaluate the potential of non-traditional cementitious materials in the stabilization/solidification (S/S) of MSWI-FA, thereby offering a low-carbon alternative to conventional methods. The research involves a comprehensive review and analysis of the chemical and physical characteristics of MSWI-FA, with a particular focus on the leaching behavior of heavy metals and the effectiveness of various pretreatment techniques. The scope includes an in-depth investigation of magnesium-based cement, alkali-activated binders, and calcium-aluminate cement, assessing their performance in immobilizing hazardous components of MSWI-FA. Furthermore, the study examines the incorporation of treated MSWI-FA into concrete and assesses its impact on mechanical strength, durability, and microstructural properties. Results from the literature suggest that these alternative binders can effectively stabilize MSWI-FA, reduce environmental risks, while contributing to circular construction practices. The study concludes that non-traditional cementitious materials hold significant promise for integrating waste valorization into sustainable building practices. It recommends further experimental studies, long-term leaching assessments, and standardization of treatment protocols to support the safe and widespread adoption of MSWI-FA in construction materials. © The Author(s) 2026.

Keywords: Energy Low-carbon cement Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash Non-traditional cementitious materials Stabilization/solidification Waste management

Springer | Art. 33 | EID: 2-s2.0-105033497860

Effect of wheat straw ash and aggregate size on the properties of sustainable pervious concrete

2026

Hazim O.; Hamada H.; Al-Attar A.; Majdi A.

Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation , Vol. 11 (1)

Article English ISSN: 23653159

Northern Technical University, Mosul, 41001, Iraq; Al-Qalam University College, Kirkuk, 36001, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Al Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Babylon, Iraq

The increasing generation of agricultural waste poses significant environmental challenges while offering opportunities for sustainable construction solutions. This study addresses the pressing need to reduce the carbon footprint of cement production by utilizing wheat straw ash (WSA), an agricultural byproduct, as a partial cement replacement (WSA), in pervious concrete. The primary objective is to evaluate the influence of varying WSA replacement levels (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35%) on the physical, mechanical, and durability properties of pervious concrete, using a cement-to-aggregate ratio of 1:6, superplasticizer (1% by cement weight), and two coarse aggregate sizes (12.5 mm and 20 mm). Experimental results indicated that a 5% WSA replacement enhanced compressive strength at 90 days due to pozzolanic activity. However, strength gradually declined at higher replacement levels, suggesting a limit to the beneficial use of WSA. The findings conclude that low-level incorporation of WSA (up to 5%) is effective in maintaining or slightly improving strength and durability, while significantly contributing to waste valorization. This study recommends adopting low-level incorporation of WSA (up to 5%) as a sustainable partial cement substitute in non-structural and permeable pavement applications, promoting waste valorization, reducing cement consumption, and contributing to circular economy practices in construction. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

Keywords: Agricultural waste Mechanical properties Permeability Pervious concrete Sustainability Wheat straw ash

Springer Nature | Art. 59 | EID: 2-s2.0-105022007991

Seismic Performance of 3D-Printed Concrete Structures: A Comprehensive Review of Material Behaviour, Geometry, and Optimization

2026

Berwal P.; Alamiery A.A.; Smerat A.; Abed M.H.; Majdi A.

SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering , Vol. 13 (1), pp. 76-92

Review Open Access English ISSN: 23488352

Department of Civil Engineering, Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, India; Al-Ayen Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen Iraqi University, AUIQ, Thi Qar, An Nasiriyah, Iraq; Faculty of Educational Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan; Department of Civil Engineering, Dijlah University, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Hillah, Iraq

The convergence of additive manufacturing and earthquake engineering is rapidly redefining the design and construction of resilient infrastructure. This review presents a comprehensive synthesis of the current state of knowledge on the seismic performance of 3D-Printed Concrete (3DPC) structures, with a particular emphasis on the role of shape optimization. 3DPC introduces unique opportunities for geometric freedom, material efficiency, and construction automation, but also poses critical challenges related to anisotropy, interlayer bonding, and reinforcement integration under dynamic loading conditions. The review classifies 3DPC structure behaviour in terms of key performance indicators, such as ductility, damping, stiffness, and energy dissipation, to examine experimental results and modelling strategies that can describe the anisotropic and interface-driven behaviour of 3DPC structures. Shape optimization is also investigated as a designing transformational technology development on the basis of computational optimization, using computational techniques, topology optimization, gradient-based approaches, and AI-based structures to operate seismic resilience and reduce material consumption. Optimized walls, shells, and lattice columns case studies illustrate high returns on the resistance against lateral loads, energy dissipation, and tuning to a frequency. Multiscale modelling and hybrid simulation, as well as machine learning-based optimization, are emerging fields of research recognized to be unique in closing the gap between material behaviour and structural performance. More so, the integration of intelligent materials with embedded sensors makes this technology more likely to be on the path of creating intelligent, adaptive 3DPC systems, which can supervise the status of the system in real time, as seismic events happen to it. Despite its encouraging nature, there are severe issues on the front of the field in the form of the lack of standards in terms of testing procedures, the l imited full-scale validation, and the lack of characterization of the reinforcement functionality. This review identifies these deficiencies and offers research directions for future work, aiming to develop a single, scenario-free, performance-based design for 3DPC seismic applications. The final product of this work will assist the basic knowledge base required to advance 3DPC out of the laboratory-based innovation to working seismic infrastructure. © 2026 Seventh Sense Research Group®.

Keywords: 3D-Printed Concrete Construction Energy dissipation Geometric freedom Seismic behaviour

Seventh Sense Research Group | EID: 2-s2.0-105028477130

Experimental analysis on two stage scroll compressor using R32 refrigerant with and without vapour injection in heat pump

2026

Munimathan A.; Kumar K.S.; Vasanthi R.; Khan A.; Algburi S.; Jelila Y.D.; Mohammed S.J.; Majdi A.

International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration , Vol. 34 (1)

Article Open Access English ISSN: 20101325

Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, 641032, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Tamilnadu, Coimbatore, 641008, India; Department of Agricultural Engineering, KIT-Kalaignarkarunanidhi Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641402, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University, Clement Town, Dehradun, 248002, India; Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Punjab, Rajpura, 140401, India; Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk, 36015, Iraq; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, P.O. No. 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; Civil Engineering Department, Dijlah University College, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hillah, Babylon, 51001, Iraq

This research article presents an experimental investigation of a two-stage scroll compressor using R32 refrigerant, focusing on the effects of vapor injection in heat pump applications. The study highlights the performance improvements achieved through vapor injection, with particular emphasis on operation at low ambient temperatures. Key performance indicators—heating capacity, coefficient of performance (COP), and discharge temperature—were selected to evaluate system efficiency. Notably, at an ambient temperature of − 20 °C, the vapor-injected system exhibited a 17.01% increase in COP and a 13.73% reduction in discharge temperature compared to a conventional system without vapor injection. Optimal injection ratios and intermediate pressures were identified as critical parameters for maximizing system performance. Furthermore, the integration of an internal heat exchanger (IHX) demonstrated potential in stabilizing compressor operation and enhancing reliability by limiting the maximum discharge temperature—an essential factor in ensuring safe and effective operation under freezing conditions. The study also observed that vapor injection helps reduce the discharge temperature during prolonged operation, contributing to system longevity. Overall, the findings confirm that vapor injection is a promising strategy for improving the efficiency and performance of heat pumps, particularly in cold climates. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of the operational characteristics of two-stage scroll compressors with vapor injection and provides strong evidence supporting the use of R32 refrigerant in environmentally and energy-efficient heat pump systems. © The Author(s) 2026.

Keywords: And performance Compressor Heat pump R32 refrigerant Vapour injection

Society of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers | Art. 1 | EID: 2-s2.0-105026907730

2025

44 papers

Generation of robust chemical oxidants induced by solar-light radiation over binary Bi12O17Cl2/Ag2CrO4 photocatalyst with Type I heterojunction: Enrofloxacin degradation activity

2025

Jabbar Z.H.; Graimed B.H.; Okab A.A.; Ammar S.H.; Hussein M.A.; Majdi A.

Solar Energy , Vol. 287

34 citations Article English ISSN: 0038092X

Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniya, Iraq; Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, 51013, Iraq; Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Nahrain University, Jadriya, Baghdad, Iraq; College of Engineering, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq; Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Environment, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, 51001 Hillah, Babylon, Iraq

In this paper, silver chromate (Ag2CrO4) plates were combined with the Bi12O17Cl2 microsphere by a facial sonication treatment to establish a Type I heterojunction photocatalyst. The photocatalytic performance of Bi12O17Cl2/Ag2CrO4 hybrids was explored in proportion to the efficiency of photodegradation of enrofloxacin (ENR) antibiotic under the visible LED and direct solar illumination. After only 60 min, the Bi12O17Cl2/Ag2CrO4-50 % photocatalyst sample demonstrated high degradation (85.5 %) towards ENR compared with bare Bi12O17Cl2 (41.8 %) and Ag2CrO4 (52.7 %). Further, the Bi12O17Cl2/Ag2CrO4 photocatalyst achieved sustainable antibiotic mitigation over 71.6 % of ENR destruction under 60 min of direct solar radiation. The assembled Bi12O17Cl2/Ag2CrO4 heterostructure could motivate photocatalytic efficiency by boosting redox capability, endorsing visible-light harvesting and active sites, reinforcing durability, and promoting the splitting of photo-created charges. Besides, the Type I mechanism of electrons/holes transfer pathway has been demonstrated, and the results showed prominent role of h+ oxidant and subordinate influence of •O2− and •OH in ENR decomposition. Ultimately, the motivation of solar responsive catalysts, like Bi12O17Cl2/Ag2CrO4 heterojunction, may assist in developing the catalytic sector and sustainable environmental restoration. © 2024 International Solar Energy Society

Keywords: Bi<sub>12</sub>O<sub>17</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>/Ag<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub> composites Enrofloxacin Sustainable photocatalysis Type-I heterojunctions

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 113216 | EID: 2-s2.0-85212578470

Impact of rice husk ash on geopolymer concrete: A literature review and future directions

2025

Hamada H.M.; Al-Attar A.; Beddu S.; Askar M.K.; Yousif S.T.; Majdi A.

Case Studies in Construction Materials , Vol. 22

22 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 22145095

Al-Qalam University College, Kirkuk, 36001, Iraq; Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq; Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Selangor, Kajang, 43000, Malaysia; Highways and Bridges Engineering, Technical College of Engineering, Duhok Polytechnic University (DPU) and University of Duhok (UoD), Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Nawroz University, Kurdistan, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Al Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, Iraq

In recent years, the pursuit of sustainable materials in concrete production has increased, driven by the essentials of environmental conservation, energy efficiency, and resource optimization in construction. Rice husk ash (RHA), distinguished for its abundant silica content, has emerged as a promising biomass-derived material capable of enhancing both the performance and sustainability of geopolymer concrete (GPC) structures. This study undertakes a comprehensive review of literature published between 2014 and 2024, focusing on the chemical composition and physical properties of RHA, and its influence on the physical, mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties of GPC. The results indicated that the addition of a small amount of RHA enhances the strength and durability of concrete, especially with Metakaolin (MK). For instance, the addition of 15 % RHA increases the compressive strength by 21 %. The addition of 20 % RHA reduced the water absorption of GPC by 14 %. Furthermore, the research supports the extensive utilization of treated RHA to counteract the adverse effects associated with conventional cement concrete, thereby fostering greater sustainability in construction practices. © 2025 The Authors

Keywords: Energy Geopolymer concrete Rice husk ash Sustainable materials

Elsevier Ltd | Art. e04476 | EID: 2-s2.0-86000140230

Synergistic Efforts of Z-scheme BiOCl/Bi12O17Cl2 Heterojunction Promoted by MWCNT for Boosted Photocatalytic Destruction of Oxytetracycline Under Solar Energy

2025

Jabbar Z.H.; Graimed B.H.; Okab A.A.; Ammar S.H.; Naje A.S.; Majdi A.

Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials , Vol. 35 (7), pp. 5377-5393

20 citations Article English ISSN: 15741443

Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al- Qadisiyah, Diwaniya, Iraq; Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, 51013, Iraq; Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Nahrain University, Jadriya, Baghdad, Iraq; College of Engineering, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq; Water Resources Management Engineering Department, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, 51013, Iraq; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hillah, Babylon, 51001, Iraq

The development of heterojunctions by combining more than one semiconductor of different band gap values is an appropriate approach to yield reinforced photocatalysis treatment. In this work, a bismuth oxychloride composite of BiOCl/Bi12O17Cl2 with Z-type phase junction has been constructed via facile hydrothermal assembly anchored with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The XRD and FT-IR confirm the phase purity and chemical groups of BiOCl/Bi12O17Cl2/MWCNT. The anchoring of MWCNT upgraded the surface area from 8.102 to 30.475 m2/g, increasing the active sites for pollutant degradation. Compared with single BiOCl and Bi12O17Cl2 photocatalysts, the photoresponsivity of BiOCl/Bi12O17Cl2/MWCNT was considerably extended to visible light regions. Synergistically, the BiOCl/Bi12O17Cl2/MWCNT ternary heterojunction showed higher oxytetracycline (OTC) photodegradation efficiency (94.7% in 50 min) under LED light. Further, the reaction rates were 5.42, 4.74, 6.09, and 2.13 times higher than BiOCl, Bi12O17Cl2, MWCNT, and BiOCl/Bi12O17Cl2, respectively. Besides, BiOCl/Bi12O17Cl2/MWCNT showed renewable OTC (69.8% in 50 min) under sunlight radiation. The ternary system maintained its powerful stability in six repeated cycles. The trapping tests revealed the major role of ·O2− in OTC reaction over BiOCl/Bi12O17Cl2/MWCNT. Based on PL and EIS tests, the boosted photocatalytic efficiency of BiOCl/Bi12O17Cl2/MWCNT was demonstrated to be credited to the efficient isolation of photo-excited electron/hole pairs as a result of the Z-type interface shaped between BiOCl and Bi12O17Cl2 and the transport channels for electrons provided by MWCNT. This work may not only provide effective photocatalysis systems for environmental decontamination but also pave the way to construct robust Z-type bismuth oxychloride heterojunctions. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

Keywords: BiOCl/Bi<sub>12</sub>O<sub>17</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>/MWCNT Oxytetracycline degradation Solar light radiation Z-type heterojunction

Springer | EID: 2-s2.0-85217178935

Sustainable optimization of concrete strength properties using artificial neural networks: a focus on mechanical performance

2025

Manan A.; Pu Z.; Majdi A.; Alattyih W.; Elagan S.K.; Ahmad J.

Materials Research Express , Vol. 12 (2)

16 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 20531591

School of Civil Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustqbal University, Babylon, 5100, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia; School of Civil Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan

In this study, a comprehensive dataset containing 358 data points was collected from the literature, focusing on the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity of concrete made with recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). An Artificial Neural Network was used machine to predict mechanical properties of RCA concrete. Furthermore, K-fold cross validation was utilized to validate the model’s reliability, and sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the most influential input parameters among the independent variables. The model demonstrated strong performance during training, achieving R2 values of 0.93 for compressive strength, 0.92 for split tensile strength, and 0.99 for modulus of elasticity with corresponding RMSE of 2.55, 3.85, and 0.37, respectively. The MAE and MAPE values during training were 0.68 and 0.03 for compressive strength, 0.71 and 0.03 for split tensile strength, and 0.08 and 0.01 for modulus of elasticity, respectively. Testing results revealed R2 values of 0.75 for compressive strength, 0.78 for split tensile strength, and 0.67 for modulus of elasticity, with RMSE values of 8.57, 5.03, and 3.83, respectively. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis indicated that the cement percentage and water-to-cement ratio were the main input parameters which significantly influence RCA concrete strength. © 2025 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd.

Institute of Physics | Art. 025504 | EID: 2-s2.0-85217971498

Investigating the influence of p-n and Z-scheme mechanisms on the photocatalytic characteristics of CuBi2O4/V2O5/MWCNT and its efficiency in the mitigation of organic pollutants

2025

Jabbar Z.H.; Graimed B.H.; Okab A.A.; Merdas H.S.; Majdi A.

Diamond and Related Materials , Vol. 155

15 citations Article English ISSN: 09259635

Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniya, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq; Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Water Resources Engineering Management, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, Al-Qasim, 51001, Iraq; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq

The charge transportation and light utilization in the single mechanism or conventional heterojunction systems are still considered a big challenge. Herein, a novel ternary CuBi2O4/V2O5/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) heterojunction with a multi-function mechanism coupled between p-n and Z-scheme charge transfer routes was successfully proposed. The phase purity and chemical group of CuBi2O4/V2O5/MWCNT was demonstrated by XRD and FT-IR. The morphological analysis of ternary sample manifested a well-integrated spherical cluster of CuBi2O4/V2O5 with MWCNT, improving the texture and structure stability of composites. The ternary integration significantly boosted the surface area of CuBi2O4/V2O5/MWCNT (37.471 m2/g) compared to CuBi2O4 (15.679 m2/g) and V2O5 (16.313 m2/g). Moreover, the synergistic interaction between the narrow-bandgap semiconductor (CuBi2O4) and MWCNTs significantly improves the electronic conductivity and light-harvesting efficiency of the CuBi2O4/V2O5/MWCNT composite. Under 40 W LED irradiation, our heterojunction achieved powerful photoactivity of 97.5 %, 80.3 %, and 92.7 % towards Congo red (CR), methylene blue (MB), and tetracycline (TC), signifying the robust efforts of the composite to mitigate both color and colorless pollutants. The catalytic mechanism suggested the synergistic work between the p-n junction and Z-scheme charge dynamics. Further, MWCNTs assist as a perfect electron conductor to channel the charge carriers between p-CuBi2O4 and n-V2O5, accelerating the separation of photocarriers and delaying their reintegration. Our work seeks to raise the effectiveness of photocatalysis over multi-mechanistic approaches, mitigating environmental pollution through economic and sustainable energy. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.

Keywords: Economic energy Multi-mechanistic approaches MWCNTs Photocatalysis Pollutant degradation

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 112360 | EID: 2-s2.0-105003417298

Enhancing sustainable concrete with iron ore tailings as fine aggregate: Environmental and engineering perspectives

2025

Hamada H.M.; Al-Attar A.; Askar M.K.; Beddu S.; Majdi A.

Construction and Building Materials , Vol. 470

14 citations Article English ISSN: 09500618

Al-Qalam University College, Kirkuk, 36001, Iraq; Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq; Highways and Bridges Engineering, Technical College of Engineering, Duhok Polytechnic University (DPU) and University of Duhok (UoD), Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq; Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Selangor, Kajang, 43000, Malaysia; Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Al Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, Iraq

The construction industry faces numerous challenges due to consuming significant energy and huge amounts of natural materials, mainly in concrete production. This study explores the possibility of using iron ore tailings (IOT) as a fine aggregate in concrete, focusing on engineering and environmental perspectives. By partially or fully replacing traditional fine aggregate with IOT, the study aims to improve concrete properties while addressing the ecological challenges of waste management. This study was developed by collecting papers from the Scopus database for the duration between 2000 and 2024. The results show that IOT particles have enhanced concrete's physical, mechanical, durability, and microstructure properties and decreased environmental issues by reducing waste accumulated in landfills and converting them to useful materials. The addition of IOT as fine aggregate reduced the workability in most cases and increased the strength of concrete, especially with low replacement levels. Further studies are recommended to increase the potential use of IOT in concrete production. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd

Keywords: Energy Environmental Fine aggregate Iron ore tailing Sustainable Concrete

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 140707 | EID: 2-s2.0-85219501960

Promoting the photocatalytic capacity of Type I heterojunction (Bi12O17Cl2/Sb2O3) by incorporating MWCNTs for boosted carbamazepine degradation mechanism

2025

Jabbar Z.H.; Graimed B.H.; Okab A.A.; Ammar S.H.; Majdi A.

Optical Materials , Vol. 162

14 citations Article English ISSN: 09253467

Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniya, Iraq; Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, 51013, Iraq; Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Nahrain University, Jadriya, Baghdad, Iraq; College of Engineering, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hillah, Babylon, 51001, Iraq

The photocatalytic heterojunctions is considered a suitable methodology to enhance photoactivity by boosting visible light harvesting and hampering charge recombination. Herein, bismuth oxychloride Bi12O17Cl2 nanosheets and pyramidal Sb2O3 heterogeneous junctions were built via the solvothermal method and assembled with multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Compared with single photocatalysts, the absorption ability of Bi12O17Cl2/Sb2O3/MWCNT was meaningfully enhanced due to the MWCNT's ability to modify the electronic structure of Bi12O17Cl2/Sb2O3, decreasing the bandgap value and increasing the visible light response. The morphological tests presented a ternary hybrid with pyramidal Sb2O3 particles anchored on Bi12O17Cl2 nanosheets interconnected with MWCNT nanotubes, forming the Bi12O17Cl2/Sb2O3/MWCNT network with abundant active sites. Under simulated solar energy, the Bi12O17Cl2/Sb2O3/MWCNT hybrid photocatalyst exhibited the highest carbamazepine (CBZ) drug photodegradation activity (90.2 % within 75 min). These results confirm a suitable Type I heterojunction between Bi12O17Cl2 and Sb2O3 assisted by MWCNT, allowing a speedy transfer of photo-charges at the interface between Bi12O17Cl2 and Sb2O3. A reaction mechanism is projected and deliberated via trapping tests, photoluminescence, and electrochemical tests. This work may introduce important concepts to enhance the weak heterojunction systems (Type I and Type II) by integrating with effective charge mediators (like MWCNT), achieving competing catalytic characteristics with Z-type or S-scheme mechanisms. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.

Keywords: Bi<sub>12</sub>O<sub>17</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>/Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> composite Carbamazepine Heterojunctions MWCNT Photocatalysis

Elsevier B.V. | Art. 116883 | EID: 2-s2.0-86000131848

Economic Photocatalytic Degradation of Environmental Pollutants Over CuBi2O4/Ag2CrO4 Photocatalyst with Core-Shell Heterostructure: S-Scheme Mechanism

2025

Jabbar Z.H.; Graimed B.H.; Okab A.A.; Merdas H.S.; Al-Sulaiman A.M.; Majdi A.

Journal of Cluster Science , Vol. 36 (3)

13 citations Article English ISSN: 10407278

Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al- Qadisiyah, Diwaniya, Iraq; Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, 51013, Iraq; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hillah, Babylon, 51001, Iraq

Developing solar-light-responsive photocatalysts attracted exciting prospects in the energy and environmental sectors. This study focuses on coating CuBi2O4 nanorods with Ag2CrO4 shell to yield robust S-scheme CuBi2O4/Ag2CrO4 composites with a core-shell heterostructure. The CuBi2O4/Ag2CrO4 photocatalyst exhibited boosted charge separation behavior and upgraded surface area, reflecting beneficial impacts on the catalytic capacity. Under visible light (117 W-LED) irradiation, CuBi2O4/Ag2CrO4 could enhance the methylene blue (MB) and Congo red (CR) degradation by exhibiting 75% and 85% of removal efficiency within 75 min, respectively. The optimized CuBi2O4/Ag2CrO4-25% recorded the best MB degradation kinetics (0.01918 min⁻¹), surpassing pure CuBi2O4 (0.00739 min⁻¹) and Ag2CrO4 (0.00910 min⁻¹) by factors of 2.59 and 2.11, respectively. Besides, the MB degradation over CuBi2O4/Ag2CrO4-25% was evaluated based on catalyst dosage, reaction temperature, and MB concentration. Besides, the S-type reaction mechanism demonstrated the improved light absorption, accelerated charge dynamics, hampered recombination rate, and strengthened redox potential. The trapping results indicated the key influence of •O2− and h+ and the auxiliary efforts of •OH in the catalytic reaction. Finally, our innovative photocatalyst encourages the harvesting of low-energy LED light and offers cost-effective remediation processes for environmental issues. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

Keywords: Congo red Core-shell composites Low-energy photocatalysis Methylene blue S-type heterojunctions

Springer | Art. 89 | EID: 2-s2.0-105003022031

Integrated evaluation of groundwater hydrochemistry using multivariate statistics and irrigation-based water quality indices

2025

Islam R.; Kushwah V.K.; Gupta N.; Kumar A.; Goyal R.; Berwal P.; Alfaisal F.M.; Majdi A.; Al-sareji O.J.; Alsubih M.

Scientific Reports , Vol. 15 (1)

12 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 20452322

Civil Engineering Department, GLA University, Uttar Pradesh, Mathura, 281406, India; NICMAR Institute of Construction Management and Research, NICMAR, Delhi-NCR, Bahadurgarh, 124507, India; Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India; Civil Engineering Department, Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, 201310, India; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem Str. 10, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary; Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia

This research evaluates the appropriateness of groundwater for potable and irrigation need in the Mathura District of Uttar Pradesh, India. Fifteen different hydro chemical parameters selected for analysis, they are pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), Total Hardness (TH), Mg2+, Cl−, Ca2+, Na+, K+, NO3−, SO42−, PO43−, F−, CO32−, and HCO3− In the present research various approaches such as Multivariate statistical techniques (MSTs), Arithmetic water quality index (WQI), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), permeability index (PI), sodium percentage (Na%), US salinity, were examined. The WQI assessment reveals that 65% poor quality, 5% very poor quality and 15% water is not suitable for drinking purpose category. Thus, it indicates that the majority of groundwater surpassed acceptable thresholds for potable water consumption. Additional indices indicate that several metrics surpass their acceptable limits, rendering most samples inappropriate for irrigation. CaMgCl, NaCl and CaNaHCO3 attributed to interfaces between water and rock and ion exchange processes in Sodium–Potassium from water and Calcium-Magnesium from rock. Furthermore, the US Salinity graphic confirms that the majority of groundwater samples demonstrate very high salinity risks and Sodium hazard, especially for elevated salt concentrations. Influence the soil fertility, permeability of soil and crop growth. The findings of this study will be beneficial to policymakers and decision-making authorities in executing sustainable water quality initiatives and efficient management of water resources as per scientific principles of various global and national agencies. © The Author(s) 2025.

Keywords: Groundwater analysis Hydrochemical facies Multivariate statistical techniques USSL Water quality index Wilcox

Nature Research | Art. 24923 | EID: 2-s2.0-105010543930

Advancing the sustainability of fiber-reinforced geopolymer concrete using natural plant fibers: A comprehensive review of properties and impacts

2025

Hamada H.M.; Al-Attar A.; Askar M.K.; Beddu S.; Majdi A.

Structures , Vol. 77

11 citations Review English ISSN: 23520124

Al-Qalam University College, Kirkuk, 36001, Iraq; Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq; Highways and Bridges Engineering, Technical College of Engineering, Duhok Polytechnic University (DPU) and University of Duhok (UoD), Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq; Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Selangor, Kajang, 43000, Malaysia; Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Al Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, Iraq

The integration of natural plant fibers (NPF) into geopolymer concrete (GPC) remains an underexplored area despite their recognized sustainability benefits. This review critically examines the influence of NPF on the mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties of GPC, emphasizing key factors such as fiber type, content, geometry, and treatment methods. A major novelty of this study is the detailed synthesis of recent advancements in optimizing NPF-reinforced GPC for enhanced performance. Findings indicate that while NPF incorporation reduces density and workability, it significantly improves mechanical properties, with kenaf fiber-reinforced GPC achieving compressive strengths up to 57 MPa and flexural and tensile strengths nearly doubling compared to fiber-free GPC. Additionally, treated NPF contributes to improved durability and microstructural refinement. As well as reducing energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions through using sustainable materials. This study underscores the potential of high-volume, properly treated NPF as a viable strategy for producing more sustainable and high-performance GPC, paving the way for further research into optimal fiber treatments and hybrid reinforcement strategies. © 2025 Institution of Structural Engineers

Keywords: Energy Environment Geopolymer concrete Natural plant fibers Strength Sustainable construction materials

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 109201 | EID: 2-s2.0-105004988336

Prediction of ANN, MLR, and NLR models for Compressive strength performance in fly ash based self compacting concrete

2025

Wagh M.; George S.; Algburi S.; Waghmare C.; Gupta T.; Yadav A.; Mohammed S.J.; Majdi A.

Asian Journal of Civil Engineering , Vol. 26 (8), pp. 3519-3532

10 citations Article English ISSN: 15630854

Department of Civil Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, India; Civil Engineering Department, St. Vincent Pallotti College of Engineering and Technology, Nagpur, India; Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk, 36015, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, Ramdeobaba University (Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management), Nagpur, India; Civil Engineering Department, Dijlah University College, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) blended with fly ash (FA) presents a promising low-carbon alternative to traditional concrete, enhancing both workability and long-term durability. Yet, the prediction of its compressive strength (CS) remains challenging due to complex mix interactions. This study presents a comparative modeling framework using Multi-Linear Regression (MLR), Nonlinear Regression (NLR), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to estimate the CS of FA-modified SCC based on key input variables: cement (C), water-to-binder ratio (w/b), fly ash content (FA), sand (S), coarse aggregate (CA), and superplasticizer (SPA dataset of 270 mixes was statistically analyzed, divided into 70% training and 30% testing subsets, and validated using R2, RMSE, and MAE. The results revealed that the ANN model outperformed both NLR and MLR, achieving superior accuracy (R2 = 0.95, RMSE = 3.49 MPa, MAE = 2.45 MPa) and consistent residual behavior within (± 20%) tolerance bands. In contrast, the NLR and MLR models exhibited broader error ranges and lower predictive reliability. The ANN’s adaptability to nonlinear, multivariate Furthermore, residual error analysis and model robustness across low, medium, and high-strength ranges were evaluated. These findings demonstrate the usefulness of data driven advanced models to resolve the complexities in the modern cementitious materials and thus serve as scientific basis for the improvement of the design of SCC with high performance and high eco-efficiency. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

Keywords: Artificial neural network (ANN) Fly ash (FA) Machine learning Multi-linear regression (MLR) Nonlinear regression (NLR) Self-compacting concrete (SCC)

Springer Nature | EID: 2-s2.0-105007334513

Optimum design of double tuned mass dampers using multiple metaheuristic multi-objective optimization algorithms under seismic excitation

2025

Zamani F.; Alavi S.H.; Mashayekhi M.; Noroozinejad Farsangi E.; Sadeghi-Movahhed A.; Majdi A.

Frontiers in Built Environment , Vol. 11

8 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 22973362

Department of Civil Engineering, Toosi University of Technology, K. N, Tehran, Iran; Urban Transformations Research Center (UTRC), Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia; Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al- Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Iraq

The tuned mass damper is one of the most frequently employed structural control devices for mitigating dynamic vibrations in structures subjected to earthquake ground motions. Conventional tuned mass dampers require substantial mass to effectively reduce the structure’s vibration. However, implementing multiple-tuned mass dampers can also improve seismic performance while reducing the required mass. The dynamic characteristics of these devices play a critical role in enhancing the effectiveness of multiple-tuned mass dampers and the seismic performance of the structure. This study investigates the efficiency of double-tuned mass dampers and the optimization of their dynamic characteristics to minimize structural displacement and acceleration. The tuning process is carried out using a combination of Pareto front derived from seven multi-objective metaheuristic optimization algorithms with two objectives. The proposed methodology is applied to a 10-floor case study, using ground acceleration time histories to evaluate its seismic performance. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method, the results are compared with those from a double-tuned mass damper system and an uncontrolled structure. The evaluation is carried out using seven earthquake ground motion records in addition to one benchmark record. The findings show that employing optimally tuned double-tuned mass dampers reduced acceleration by 30% and displacement by 50%. The numerical results confirmed that the proposed methodology effectively identifies the optimal double-tuned mass damper configuration under earthquake excitation. Copyright © 2025 Zamani, Alavi, Mashayekhi, Noroozinejad Farsangi, Sadeghi-Movahhed and Majdi.

Keywords: double tuned mass damper evolutionary algorithm global Pareto front multi-objective optimization seismic control seismic response

Frontiers Media SA | Art. 1559530 | EID: 2-s2.0-105001707193

Application of stem cell-derived exosomes in anterior segment eye diseases: A comprehensive update review

2025

Khorrami-Nejad M.; Hashemian H.; Majdi A.; Jadidi K.; Aghamollaei H.; Hadi A.

Ocular Surface , Vol. 36, pp. 209-219

8 citations Review Open Access English ISSN: 15420124

Optometry Department, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Optical Techniques Department, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Translational Ophthalmology Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Vision Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has emerged as a promising approach for addressing various eye-related conditions. Yet, its clinical application faces challenges due to issues such as limited biocompatibility and difficulties in effectively delivering treatment to specific ocular tissues. Recent studies have shifted attention towards MSC-derived exosomes, which share similar regenerative, reparative, and immunomodulatory capabilities with their origin cells. This review delves into the latest research on the use of MSC-derived exosomes for treating anterior segment diseases of the eye. It explores the exosomes' composition, biological functions, and the methods used for their isolation, as well as their roles in disease progression, diagnosis, and therapy. The review critically assesses the therapeutic advantages and mechanisms of action of MSC-derived exosomes in treating conditions like dry eye disease, Sjogren's syndrome, keratoconus, corneal lesions, and corneal allograft rejection. Additionally, it discusses the obstacles and future prospects of employing MSC-derived exosomes as innovative therapies for anterior segment eye diseases. This comprehensive overview underscores the significant potential of MSC-derived exosomes in transforming the treatment paradigm for anterior segment eye disorders, while also highlighting the necessity for further research to enhance their clinical application. © 2025 Elsevier Inc.

Keywords: Corneal wound healing Dry eye disease Keratoconus Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes

Elsevier Inc. | EID: 2-s2.0-85216988951

A Comprehensive Review of Sustainable Geopolymer Concrete Using Palm Oil Clinker: Environmental and Engineering Aspects

2025

Abdulhaleem K.N.; Hamada H.M.; Osman A.I.; Yousif S.T.; Humada A.M.; Majdi A.

Energy Science and Engineering , Vol. 13 (3), pp. 958-979

7 citations Review Open Access English ISSN: 20500505

Civil Engineering Department, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq; Department of Architecture, Al-Qalam University College, Kirkuk, Iraq; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, Belfast, United Kingdom; School of Engineering, Technology, and Design, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, United Kingdom; Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Nawroz University, Kurdistan, Iraq; College of Information Technology, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Al Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, Iraq

Amidst the dual challenges of aggregate scarcity and the environmental impact of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from cement production, this study investigates the viability of palm oil clinker (POC) as a sustainable aggregate in geopolymer concrete (GPC). The lack of appropriate alternative coarse and fine aggregates essential in concrete production is one of the critical issues faced by the construction industry. This review evaluates its environmental benefits, chemical and physical attributes, and influence on GPC's microstructure. Previous studies have shown that incorporating POC in GPC significantly reduces density from 2345 to 1821 kg/m3 while maintaining competitive compressive strength, thus proving its applicability in various structural and nonstructural contexts. Moreover, GPC with POC demonstrates enhanced resistance to aggressive environmental conditions such as water absorption and resistance against acid and sulfate environments. Geopolymer mortar (GPM) exposed to sulfate attack recorded the lowest decrease in strength than GPM containing POC fine aggregates by about 20%. The use of 100% POC aggregates in GPC mix has a 3.2% water absorption, which is lower than the limit for high-performance concrete. The results advocate for the development of POC-aggregate GPC as an environmentally friendly construction material, contributing to the sustainable advancement of the building industry. © 2025 The Author(s). Energy Science & Engineering published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Keywords: aggregate innovation CO<sub>2</sub> reduction environmental geopolymer concrete palm oil clinker sustainable construction

John Wiley and Sons Ltd | EID: 2-s2.0-86000437172

Application of the Modified Endurance Time Method for Predicting Seismic Response of Base-Isolated Structures Under Pounding

2025

Majdi A.; Sadeghi-Movahhed A.; Farsangi E.N.; Mashayekhi M.; Almujibah H.; De Domenico D.

Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami , Vol. 19 (03)

7 citations Article English ISSN: 17934311

Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, 5381637181, Iran; Urban Transformations Research Centre (UTRC), Western Sydney University, Sydney, 2751, NSW, Australia; Department of Civil Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, 1996715433, Iran; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, Taif, 21974, Saudi Arabia; Department of Engineering, University of Messina, Messina, 98166, Italy

The pushover method is often used instead of the nonlinear time history (NTH) method for analyzing base-isolated structures due to its simplicity. However, pushover analysis cannot account for reversible earthquake effects on structural damage. An alternative fast method is the endurance time (ET) method, which has fewer limitations in considering the dynamic effects of earthquakes on structures. However, the accuracy of this method is questionable due to the inability to distinguish non-converged results of individual records. To clarify this question, this study investigates the application of the modified endurance time (MET) method, which is an enhanced version of the ET method under pounding. For this study, three base isolated special moment frames (SMFs) designed based on the design earthquake hazard level were analyzed under the earthquake hazard level with 2475-year return periods (EHL2475). The results of the MET and pushover methods were compared to each other with respect to the NTH analysis, which was considered the reference method. The results have indicated that the MET had less error than the pushover in predicting structural damage based on the maximum interstory drift ratio (IDR). In contrast to the pushover, the MET can predict nonstructural acceleration-sensitive element damage with errors of 12.3–20.8%. © 2025 World Scientific Publishing Company.

Keywords: base isolation endurance time analysis pushover analysis Seismic pounding time history analysis

World Scientific | Art. 2450037 | EID: 2-s2.0-105002297464

Optimal damping of isolated tall buildings accounting for structural and nonstructural damage

2025

Sadeghi-Movahhed A.; De Domenico D.; Mashayekhi M.; Majdi A.

Journal of Building Engineering , Vol. 105

6 citations Article English ISSN: 23527102

Department of Civil Engineering, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran; Department of Engineering, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Civil Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hillah, Babylon, 51001, Iraq

Determining the optimal damping value of the isolation system in tall structures is challenging as it requires parametric studies and time-consuming nonlinear time-history analyses. Consequently, the influence of different parameters, such as displacement limitation, on the optimal damping of isolators in tall structures remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the optimal damping of isolators in tall structures under two scenarios: a) changing the displacement capacity of the isolators in proportion to the increase of damping (variable gap); b) maintaining a constant displacement capacity of the isolators as the damping increases (constant gap). The study also explores the influence of two additional parameters on the optimal damping of the isolation system, namely the ratio of isolator to superstructure period (TM/TS) and the soil type. The optimal design procedure is illustrated with reference to a case-study 14-story isolated steel structure with an ordinary concentrically braced frames (OCBF) system, isolated with the triple friction pendulum isolator (TFPI) system. The modified endurance time (MET) method is utilized to analyze the seismic response of the case-study structure under increasing levels of earthquake hazard. The analysis reveals that increasing damping in both constant and variable gap modes can effectively reduce the damage level of the structure. However, the effectiveness of increasing damping is limited and influenced by factors such as soil softness and the TM/TS ratio. The optimal damping values are determined based on the desired performance levels for both structural and nonstructural acceleration-sensitive components. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd

Keywords: Base isolation Pounding Soil conditions Steel building Tall building

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 112497 | EID: 2-s2.0-105001176522

Triple-function MIL-88A(Fe)/Bi4O5l2 photocatalyst for reinforced removal of ciprofloxacin via S-scheme, Fenton-like, and piezocatalytic mechanisms

2025

Jabbar Z.H.; Graimed B.H.; Merdas H.S.; Ammar S.H.; Shahad R.F.; Majdi A.

Journal of Alloys and Compounds , Vol. 1042

6 citations Article English ISSN: 09258388

Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniya, Iraq; Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Nahrain University, Jadriya, Baghdad, Iraq; College of Engineering, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq; Department of Soil and Water Resources Sciences, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, 58000, Iraq; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq

A multifunctional MIL-88A(Fe)/Bi4O5l2 (MIF/BOI) heterojunction photocatalyst was synthesized using a self-assembly method. Structural characterizations confirmed the formation of a well-integrated S-scheme interface between MIL-88A(Fe) and Bi4O5l2. The Bi4O5l2 sheets are partially anchored and uniformly distributed across the surface of MIL-88A(Fe) rods. The MIF/BOI composites exhibited enhanced light absorption and reduced electron-hole recombination, as validated by DRS and PL analyses. Photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) under visible light (80 W LED) revealed that the 25MIF/BOI composite achieved 95 % removal within 50 min, with a first-order rate constant (0.05864 min−1) surpassing Bi4O5l2 and MIL-88A(Fe) by 2.37 and 5.12 times, respectively. The superior activity of 25MIF/BOI was attributed to the synergistic effects of two dominant mechanisms: (i) S-scheme charge separation, which enhances redox potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation (•O2− and •OH); and (ii) Fenton-like catalysis, driven by Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycling in MIL-88A(Fe) that facilitates •OH production via H2O2 activation. Furthermore, the 25MIF/BOI composite demonstrated rapid piezophotocatalytic degradation, in which 90 % of CIP was removed within 20 min under ultrasonic vibration. This results from the integration of the S-scheme system with Fenton-like reactions and piezoelectric-induced internal electric fields, which accelerates the charge separation and ROS formation, creating a highly reactive catalytic environment and maximizing degradation efficiency. Additionally, the effects of critical operational parameters, including catalyst dosage, CIP concentration, pH, and ultrasound vibration, were systematically studied, confirming the triple-mechanism system. Our strategy offers a powerful solution for the removal of antibiotic pollutants, positioning MIF/BOI as a promising candidate for advanced water treatment applications. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.

Keywords: Ciprofloxacin degradation Fenton-like reaction MIL-88A(Fe)/Bi<sub>4</sub>O<sub>5</sub>l<sub>2</sub> Photocatalysis Piezophotocatalysis S-scheme heterojunction

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 184041 | EID: 2-s2.0-105017127538

Engineering of BiVO4/MIL-88 A(Fe)-C Composite for Synergistic Degradation of Tetracycline Over Piezophotocatalytic and Photo-Fenton Reactions

2025

Jabbar Z.H.; Graimed B.H.; Shahad R.F.; Merdas H.S.; Ammar S.H.; Majdi A.

Journal of Cluster Science , Vol. 36 (5)

4 citations Article English ISSN: 10407278

Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Al- Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniya, Iraq; Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Soil and Water Resources Sciences, University of Al- Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, 58000, Iraq; Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Nahrain University, Jadriya, Baghdad, Iraq; College of Engineering, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hillah, Babylon, 51001, Iraq

This work discusses the fabrication of a robust stable organic MIL-88 A(Fe) framework (MAF) assembled with visible-light-induced BiVO4 and carbon nanomaterials to establish integrated piezophotocatalytic system. The ternary BiVO4/MIL-88 A(Fe)-C (Bi/MAF-C) catalyst was precisely characterized by various sophisticated technologies. The Bi/MAF-C composite revealed a powerful piezophotocatalytic activity (95.7%) towards tetracycline (TC) antibiotic in a short reaction time (40 min). Our composite exhibited the highest TC degradation rate (0.06460 min−1), far exceeding the binary Bi/MAF, BiVO4, and MIL-88 A(Fe) by 1.45, 2.78, and 3.8, respectively. The improved performance was associated with the multifunctional mechanisms of Bi/MAF-C in one integrated system. MIL-88 A(Fe) showed excellent response to piezoelectric effects, generating an internal electric field that further extended the photocarrier lifetime. Besides, BiVO4 contributes to consuming wider visible light wavelengths due to its moderate band gap energy, synergy improving the piezophotocatalytic reaction. The MIL-88 A(Fe) component implies a robust photo-Fenton effect by activating H2O2 to generate •OH radicals, enhancing the oxidative degradation of pollutants under light irradiation. Additionally, further improvement in catalytic mechanism was obtained by carbon nanosheets, which act as an efficient electron conductor, accelerating the transfer of photocarriers in the Z-scheme heterojunction. The radical experiments confirmed the predominant role of •OH and •O2− in TC decomposition, further supporting the Z-scheme conception. In conclusion, this integrated piezophotocatalytic system reflects a promising strategy towards designing highly efficient multifunctional catalysts to control environmental pollution with enhanced efficiency. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

Keywords: Metal organic framework Photo-Fenton Piezophotocatalysis TC degradation Z-scheme heterojunction

Springer | Art. 184 | EID: 2-s2.0-105015376765

On critical pounding mechanism of base-isolated buildings using an optimized multi-hazard method

2025

Majdi A.; Sadeghi-Movahhed A.; Kontoni D.-P.N.; Othman N.A.; Alasiri M.R.; Islam S.; Movahedi Rad M.

Results in Engineering , Vol. 27

4 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 25901230

Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Hillah, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of the Peloponnese, Patras, GR-26334, Greece; School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Patras, GR-26335, Greece; Department of Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Knowledge University, Erbil, 44001, Iraq; Department of Computer Engineering, Al-Kitab University, Altun Kupri, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia; Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering, Széchenyi István University, Győr, 9026, Hungary

In many studies on the effect of pounding on isolated structures, the failure to consider all potential pounding scenarios, including floor-to-floor (FF), floor-to-column (FC), and pounding with a moat wall, can introduce uncertainty into the obtained results. Therefore, this study investigates the critical pounding scenarios in isolated structures subjected to seismic excitations. Three primary types of pounding are examined: FF, FC, and MW, under both two-sided and one-sided limitations. Additionally, the study investigates the effects of varying gap sizes and structural heights on the response of structures subjected to each pounding type. In the FF and FC scenarios, six-story and nine-story base-isolated buildings are analyzed in relation to adjacent six-story fixed-base structures. The endurance time method is employed to obtain the seismic responses of the structures. The results indicate that FC pounding consistently induced the highest shear forces in the columns and represented the most critical failure mode. The base-isolated structures that are significantly taller than adjacent fixed-base structures (e.g. 9.6 m) are more susceptible to damage compared to those with similar heights to their neighbors. Furthermore, increasing the gap size can lead to a 100 % rise in inter-story drift under two-sided FF pounding and a 126 % increase in column shear force under two-sided FC pounding. © 2025 The Author(s)

Keywords: Base isolation Earthquake Seismic gap Steel building Structural pounding

Elsevier B.V. | Art. 106533 | EID: 2-s2.0-105012395802

Multi-dimensional scaling for space-time transformation to achieve sustainable planning and management of water resource under changing land use pattern

2025

Ul Hasan M.S.; Rai A.K.; Momin A.H.; Khan M.A.; Alfaisal F.M.; Alam S.; Al-sareji O.J.; Majdi A.

Scientific Reports , Vol. 15 (1)

4 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 20452322

Centre for Ocean, River, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, Kharagpur, 721302, India; Department of Civil Engineering, Aliah University, Kolkata, 700160, India; Department of Civil Engineering, Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, 201310, India; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia; Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem Str. 10, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq

The land use transition plays an important role for terrestrial environmental services, which had a mixed impact of positive and negative on the groundwater and terrestrial water resource. The health of ecological systems and groundwater depends on the mapping and management of land use. The Ganga basin is one of the most densely populated and agriculture-intensive river systems in the South Asia and the world. The multi-temporal spatial database includes land use (ESA-CCI), satellite-based gravity anomaly (GRACE/GRACE-FO), and well log (CGWB) adopted in this study for assessment of the impact of land use transition on groundwater depth, groundwater drought, and terrestrial water storage. The methodology includes the computation of land use transition, trend magnitude by Sen’s slope, Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA) for graphical visualization, clustering techniques employ to identify pattern & structure, and finally space-time transformation was assessed based on multi-dimensional scaling using Alternating Least Squares Scaling (ALSCAL). The land use transition over two decades shows an increase in forest (2.23%), wetland (2.2%), settlement (208.4%), bare area (3.18%), water (5.18%), and a decrease in agriculture (-1.16%), grassland (-4.5%), & vegetation (-2.8%). The non-parametric climatological trend of groundwater depth, drought, and terrestrial water loss was maximally observed during the post-monsoon season in the Ganga basin. The seasonal climatological trend statistics shows that, the upper Ganga and northern (left) of the Ganga basin shows an alarming rate of groundwater depletion, with increased in the severity of groundwater drought in near future with the loss in terrestrial water storage. The ITA shows the monotonic decreasing trend depicting loss of groundwater and terrestrial water resources. Bi-dimensional regression, ALSCAL shows that the model is efficient based on the input data having stress value and RSQ (proportion of variance) of 0.09 and 0.97 with excellent linear fit. The impact assessment of land use transition was obtained in low dimensional space showing that the conversion from sparse vegetation, agriculture, grassland, wetland and forest to settlement has the maximum impact on groundwater and TWSA loss, although the persistent settlement area is also responsible. The results are extremely useful for the policymakers, scientists, concern Govt. section, and local communities must work together to manage groundwater sustainably. Water resource management can also help to lessen the effects of climate change on groundwater and terrestrial water loss by focusing on the environmental, economic, social, and institutional dimensions of UN-SDG. © The Author(s) 2024.

Keywords: ALSCAL GIS Innovative Trend Analysis Multi-dimensional scaling UPGMA

Nature Research | Art. 1129 | EID: 2-s2.0-85214282592

A metaheuristic-based approach for optimizing the allocation of emergency water reservoirs for fire following earthquake suppression

2025

Tanoumand A.; Mashayekhi M.; Majdi A.; Noroozinejad Farsangi E.

Results in Engineering , Vol. 27

3 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 25901230

Civil Engineering Department, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, 19697, Iran; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Urban Transformations Research Centre, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia

Given resource constraints, the need to minimize water access time, and the prevention of shortages, optimizing the distribution and density of water resources is considered a fundamental requirement for effective crisis management of fire following earthquakes (FFE). While no comprehensive and optimized model has been proposed in this area so far, this article presents a framework for optimizing the allocation of emergency water reservoirs for the suppression of FFE by integrating risk assessment and urban dynamics. The proposed framework identifies initial locations for the placement of emergency reservoirs, considering post-earthquake conditions. The optimal number and capacity of the reservoirs are determined through a robust FFE model calibrated with historical incident data and environmental characteristics. Within each urban area, a specific number of candidate locations are selected from the initial locations. Using a metaheuristic algorithm, the optimal allocation zones are identified based on the total distance from urban areas and the FFE risk factor. This approach resulted in improved overall system performance by reducing the time required to access water resources across the city and by ensuring that the maximum distances fall within the desired range (<4 km) as defined by the distance classification framework. By applying influential criteria and conducting location analysis within the allocated zones, the final points are identified as the designated locations for reservoir placement. The implementation of the proposed framework within the Tehran urban area resulted in the allocation of 90 emergency water reservoirs, each with a capacity of 100 cubic meters. This approach effectively and efficiently addresses water requirements for the suppression of FFEs, with a total storage volume of just 9000 cubic meters. © 2025 The Author(s)

Keywords: Emergency water reservoirs FFE suppression Fire following earthquake Genetic algorithm Location-allocation optimization Metaheuristic optimization

Elsevier B.V. | Art. 105925 | EID: 2-s2.0-105009640650

Establishing Type I Charge Transfer Mechanism Derived by Bi7O9I3/Bi4O5Br2 Heterostructure for Boosted Photocatalytic Removal of Levofloxacin

2025

Jabbar Z.H.; Graimed B.H.; Merdas H.S.; Ammar S.H.; Shahad R.F.; Hussein T.S.; Majdi A.

Journal of Cluster Science , Vol. 36 (6)

3 citations Article English ISSN: 10407278

Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Al- Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniya, Iraq; Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Nahrain University, Jadriya, Baghdad, Iraq; College of Engineering, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq; Department of Soil and Water Resources Sciences, University of Al- Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, 58000, Iraq; Department of Roads and Transport Engineering, University of Al- Qadisiyah, Al Diwaniyah, 58002, Iraq; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hillah, Babylon, 51001, Iraq

Creating outstanding Type I heterostructures with improved catalytic characteristics is crucial for addressing the environmental pollution derived from pharmaceutical contamination. In this work, we introduced a robust Bi7O9I3/Bi4O5Br2 heterojunction prepared by facile hydrothermal integrated with physical sonication to degrade the levofloxacin (LEV) antibiotic under photocatalytic and piezophotocatalytic reactions. The optimized Bi7O9I3/Bi4O5Br2-25% exhibited eminently promoted photoactivity with 91.5% of LEV degradation in 60 min. The enhanced LEV decomposition can be ascribed to acceleration of charge separation by Type I heterojunction, expanding the light utilization, and formation of internal electric field. Moreover, the optimized Bi7O9I3/Bi4O5Br2-25% revealed super piezophotocatalytic activity under ultrasound vibration and LED irradiation with an LEV degradation rate of 0.12429 min−1, exceeding both photocatalytic and piezocatalytic reactions by 3.17 and 5.79 times, respectively. This indicates the ability of Bi7O9I3/Bi4O5Br2-25% to work to deform under mechanical stress to establish an internal piezoelectric field, synergistically reinforcing the photocarrier transportation with the Type I mechanism. Furthermore, the developed Bi7O9I3/Bi4O5Br2-25% hybrid demonstrated excellent efforts in degrading a broad range of antibiotics, including tetracycline (TC), norfloxacin (NOR), and ciprofloxacin (CIP). Besides, the effect of various operational conditions, such as inorganic anions, solution pH, and trapping agents, was systematically examined to further explain the photocatalytic mechanism. Our study introduces an economic and energy-efficient strategy for the rapid photocatalytic degradation of LEV antibiotics, opening an encouraging path for solar-driven photocatalysis using a Type I heterojunction system. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

Keywords: Bi<sub>7</sub>O<sub>9</sub>I<sub>3</sub>/Bi<sub>4</sub>O<sub>5</sub>Br<sub>2</sub> Levofloxacin Photocatalysis Piezophotocatalytic activity Type i heterojunction

Springer | Art. 216 | EID: 2-s2.0-105020200911

Utilization of steel slag in concrete: A review on durability and microstructure analysis

2025

Qureshi H.J.; Alghamdi S.A.; Majdi A.; Ahmad J.; Rahmawati C.; Alattyih W.; Alzlfawi A.

Reviews on Advanced Materials Science , Vol. 64 (1)

3 citations Review Open Access English ISSN: 16065131

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Mechanical and Civil Engineering Department, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, United States; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hillah, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan; Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Abulyatama, Aceh Besar, 23372, Indonesia; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Majmaah University, Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia

This study addresses the research gap in understanding the durability aspects and microstructure properties of steel slag (SS) concrete. A series of different experimental results, including porosity, water absorption, pulse velocity, carbonation depth, chloride penetration, alkali-silica reaction, acid attacks, and shrinkage, were summarized to assess the durability of SS concrete. Similarly, the pozzolanic reaction of SS, the heat of hydration, scanning electronic microscopy, and thermogravimetry were used to assess the microstructure properties of SS-based concrete. Results indicate that the SS improved the durability aspects and microstructure properties of SS concrete. However, inconsistencies in slag quality, reactivity, and expansion risks due to free lime and magnesium oxide present challenges. Finally, the review also highlights the proposed recommendation for future research. © 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter.

Keywords: acid attacks and alkali-silica reaction compressive strength concrete steel slag sustainability workability

Walter de Gruyter GmbH | Art. 20250086 | EID: 2-s2.0-85219067349

Astigmatism in Duane Retraction Syndrome

2025

Khorrami-Nejad M.; Akbari M.R.; Masoomian B.; Mahmood H.A.; Daneshvar K.; Majdi A.

BMC Ophthalmology , Vol. 25 (1)

3 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 14712415

Optometry Department, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Translational Ophthalmology Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Optics Techniques Department, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq; Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, 51001, Iraq

Purpose: To compare the prevalence, magnitude, and type of astigmatism among patients with different Duane Retraction Syndrome (DRS) types. Method: This retrospective cross-sectional study reviewed the records of 312 DRS patients. Patients were categorized into DRS Types 1, 2, 3, and bilateral cases. Refractive errors and visual acuity were analyzed, emphasizing the prevalence of astigmatism types, specifically with-the-rule (WTR), against-the-rule (ATR), and oblique, as well as the power vectors for each DRS subtype. Results: Our study included 312 patients with DRS, comprising 44.6% males and a median age of 18.5 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 7–27). Of these, 280 had unilateral DRS and 32 had bilateral DRS. The median age for unilateral DRS patients was 19 years (IQR: 7–27; 43.2% males), whereas for bilateral DRS patients, it was 16 years (IQR: 6-29.2; 56.3% males). In all DRS patients, 180 (57.7%) were diagnosed with Type 1 DRS, 87 (27.9%) with Type 2 DRS, and 45 (14.4%) with Type 3 DRS. In unilateral cases, WTR astigmatism was the most prevalent (56.8%), followed by oblique (23.6%) and ATR astigmatism (19.6%). Bilateral DRS patients exhibited a similar distribution in both eyes, with WTR astigmatism also being predominant. The comparative analysis of power vectors indicated that Type 1 DRS exhibited a greater prevalence of WTR and oblique astigmatism, whereas ATR astigmatism was the predominant pattern in Types 2 and 3. A comparison of cylindrical powers and power vectors among fellow eyes of different DRS subtypes revealed that Type 2 DRS had significantly higher cylindrical power (p = 0.017) and a greater tendency toward ATR astigmatism (p = 0.038) than fellow eyes in other subtypes, suggesting that astigmatic changes may also occur in fellow eyes. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates a high prevalence of astigmatism, particularly WTR astigmatism, in DRS patients. Furthermore, we found significant associations between specific astigmatism patterns and DRS subtypes, suggesting a potential link between extraocular muscle innervation, co-contraction, and corneal shape. These findings highlight the importance of comprehensive astigmatism assessment in DRS patients for optimal refractive management. © The Author(s) 2025.

Keywords: Astigmatism Duane retraction syndrome Power vectors Refractive errors

BioMed Central Ltd | Art. 15 | EID: 2-s2.0-85215351055

Response Surface Methodology Investigation of the Viscosity of Propylene Glycol (100)/Graphene Nanofluid to Determine the Optimal Conditions

2025

Surakasi R.; Mohammed S.J.; Majdi H.S.; Majdi A.; Berwal P.; Khan M.A.; Khan W.A.

Engineering Reports , Vol. 7 (1)

2 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 25778196

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lendi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Andhra Pradesh, Vizianagaram, India; Civil Engineering Department, Dijlah University College, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Industries, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, Galgotia College of Engineering, Greater Noida, India; School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Institute of Technology, Dire-Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

This work adopted response surface methodology (RSM) to analyze the behavior of a nanofluid based on propylene glycol. The laboratory conditions in this investigation involve a temperature range of 40°C–120°C and a weight percentage that varies from 0% to 0.5%. Initially viscosity was predicted using Redwood viscometer using the nanofluid solutions. To find the most accurate predictive model and generate an ideal solution, RSM was used. The current study was inspired by the lack of consistency among laboratory behavior and real-world applications and the statistical-mathematical analysis of modelers' performance, contrast, and motivations. Two-factor interaction (2FI), quadratic, cubic, and quartic models are only a few tested. Investigating and evaluating the different statistical features of these modeling functions is a new contribution to the field. The quartic model represents the characteristics of nanofluids with double the accuracy of other models, as shown by statistical analysis. The R2 coefficient, the coefficient of variation (CV%), and the p-value are compared as metrics for assessing the models. The indexes for the quartic model are 0.9940, 3.53%, and 0.0001, in that order. Nanofluids should have a viscosity of 0.335 m2/s at 120°C along with a weight percentage of 0.5%. © 2024 The Author(s). Engineering Reports published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Keywords: coefficient of variation (CV%) mathematical models R<sup>2</sup> coefficient response surface methodology viscosity

John Wiley and Sons Inc | Art. e13032 | EID: 2-s2.0-85208784903

Influence of palm oil fuel ash as agricultural waste on the environment and strength of geopolymer concrete

2025

Abdulhaleem K.N.; Hamada H.M.; Majdi A.; Yousif S.T.

Research on Engineering Structures and Materials , Vol. 11 (2), pp. 647-662

2 citations Review Open Access English ISSN: 21489807

Civil Engineering Department, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq; Al-Qalam University College, Kirkuk, 36001, Iraq; Dept. of Building and Construction Techniques, Al Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Dept. of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Nawroz University, Kurdistan, Iraq

The utilization of agricultural waste in concrete has gained important attention owing to its potential to improve sustainability and reduce environmental impact. Palm oil fuel ash (POFA), a by-product of the palm oil industry, is one of the agricultural waste materials that has shown promise as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in geopolymer concrete (GPC). This paper presents a comprehensive review of the influence of POFA on the environment and strength properties of GPC. The review highlights the chemical composition and physical properties of POFA, its environmental impact, and the challenges and potential strategies for its sustainable utilization. The main factors affecting the strength enhancement or reduction in GPC containing POFA are discussed, including the optimal replacement level and curing condition. The results reveal that the silica oxide in POFA ranges between 55.7% and 69.02%, depending on the POFA source and treatment conditions. The increase in POFA replacement from 0 to 20% led to an increase in the compressive strength of GPC from 28.1 to 30.1 MPa, while in another case the compressive strength decreased from 24 to 18.5 MPa for the same replacement level. There is no specific optimum replacement level. However, the low replacement levels between 0 and 20, are the best. The review also summarizes experimental studies evaluating the effect of POFA on GPC strength. In general, the review provides valuable insights into the use of POFA in GPC and suggests future research directions to enhance its utilization and sustainability in the construction industry. © 2025 MIM Research Group. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Agriculture waste Durability Environment effect Geopolymer Palm oil fuel ash Strength Sustainability

MIM RESEARCH GROUP | EID: 2-s2.0-105005171071

Development of a method for optimal location of emergency water reservoirs for FFE suppression using AHP and GIS

2025

Tanoumand A.; Mashayekhi M.; S. Ramadan M.; Majdi A.

Frontiers in Built Environment , Vol. 11

2 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 22973362

Civil Engineering Department, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Geography and Urban Sustainability Department, College of Humanities & Social Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hilla, Iraq

Introduction: Identifying optimal locations for constructing emergency water reservoirs for Fire Following Earthquake (FFE) suppression is recognized as a key factor in reducing financial and human losses within FFE crisis management strategies; however, previous studies have not provided a comprehensive model for this purpose. Methods: This study proposes a method that integrates potential post-earthquake damages, accessibility conditions, and economic considerations to identify the most suitable initial locations for these reservoirs. Based on operational needs in post-earthquake scenarios and relevant literature, the main influential criteria and distance classes were determined. These criteria and distance classes were then weighted and integrated using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS) methods to generate an optimal location map. Results: Implementation of the proposed method in Tehran resulted in an optimal location map for FFE-specific emergency water reservoirs. Results indicated that locating reservoirs within 4,000 m of major routes, fire stations, and commercial, industrial, and therapeutic centers simultaneously ensures fire engine access within 10 mins even under worst-case conditions. Discussion: Furthermore, optimally siting reservoirs within 800 m of demand points reduces access time to below 2 mins. Copyright © 2025 Tanoumand, Mashayekhi, S. Ramadan and Majdi.

Keywords: analytic hierarchy process (AHP) emergency water reservoirs fire following earthquake geographic information system (GIS) optimal location

Frontiers Media SA | Art. 1638961 | EID: 2-s2.0-105013865797

Research Progress on Improving the Water Resistance of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement (MOC)

2025

Hamada H.M.; Al-Attar A.; Askar M.K.; Beddu S.; Majdi A.

International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials , Vol. 19 (1)

2 citations Review Open Access English ISSN: 19760485

Al-Qalam University College, Kirkuk, 36001, Iraq; Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq; Highways and Bridges Engineering, Technical College of Engineering, Duhok Polytechnic University (DPU) and University of Duhok (UoD), Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq; Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Selangor, Kajang, 43000, Malaysia; Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Al Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, Babylon, Iraq

Magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) is a promising alternative to Portland cement due to its superior mechanical strength and lower carbon footprint. However, its poor water resistance remains a major barrier to widespread use. This review critically evaluates recent and emerging modification strategies to overcome this limitation, with a specific focus on improving water durability through chemical and physical enhancements. The novelty of this work lies in the comprehensive analysis of synergistic effects from compound additives, particularly combinations of organic acids and phosphates, on MOC performance. For example, integrating 1% tartaric acid (TA) and phosphoric acid (PA) was found to increase compressive strength to 87 MPa and 100 MPa, respectively, while significantly improving the softening coefficient and reducing degradation under prolonged water exposure. The study also highlights the role of nano-modifications, fiber reinforcements, and polymer emulsions in densifying the microstructure and enhancing long-term durability. These insights offer a quantitative and practical roadmap for optimizing MOC formulations and advancing its use in sustainable construction applications. © The Author(s) 2025.

Keywords: Concrete Energy Magnesium oxychloride cement Microstructure Strength Water resistance

Springer Nature Korea | Art. 76 | EID: 2-s2.0-105014899558

Colorectal cancer unmasked: A synergistic AI framework for Hyper-granular image dissection, precision segmentation, and automated diagnosis

2025

Narasimha Raju A.S.; Venkatesh K.; Rajababu M.; Kumar Gatla R.; Jakeer Hussain S.; Satya Mohan Chowdary G.; Ganga Bhavani T.; Kareemullah M.; Algburi S.; Majdi A.; Abdulhadi A.M.; Ahmad Khan W.

BMC Medical Imaging , Vol. 25 (1)

2 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 14712342

Department of Computing Technologies, School of Computing, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, Chennai, 603203, India; Department of Networking and Communications, School of Computing, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, Chennai, 603203, India; Department of Information Technology (IT), Aditya University, Andhra Pradesh, Surampalem, 533437, India; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (Data Science), Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Dundigul, Telangana, Hyderabad, 500043, India; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (AI & ML), Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Telangana, Hyderabad, 500043, India; Department of IT, Pragati Engineering College (A), Andhra Pradesh, Surampalem, India; Department of CS, Pragati Engineering College (A), Andhra Pradesh, Surampalem, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, 248002, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rayat Bahra Institute of Engineering and Nano Technology, Punjab, Hoshiarpur, India; Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk, 36015, Iraq; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Al-Safwa University College, Kerbala, Iraq; Institute of Technology, Dire-Dawa University, Dire Dawa, 1487, Ethiopia

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, underscoring the necessity for computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) systems that are interpretable, accurate, and robust. This study presents a practical CADx system that combines Vision Transformers (ViTs) and DeepLabV3 + to accurately identify and segment colorectal lesions in colonoscopy images.The system addresses class balance and real-world complexity with PCA-based dimensionality reduction, data augmentation, and strategic preprocessing using recently curated CKHK-22 dataset comprising more than 14,000 annotated images of CVC-ClinicDB, Kvasir-2, and Hyper-Kvasir. ViT, ResNet-50, DenseNet-201, and VGG-16 were used to quantify classification performance. ViT achieved best-in-class accuracy (97%), F1-score (0.95), and AUC (92%) in test data. The DeepLabV3 + achieved segmentation state-of-the-art for tasks of localisation with 0.88 Dice Coefficient and 0.71 Intersection over Union (IoU), ensuring sharp delineation of areas that are malignant. The CADx system accommodates real-time inference and served through Google Cloud for information that accommodates scalable clinical implementation. The image-level segmentation effectiveness is evidenced by comparison with visual overlay and expert-manually deliminated masks, and its precision is illustrated by computation of precision, recall, F1-score, and AUC. The hybrid strategy not only outperforms traditional CNN strategies but also overcomes important clinical needs such as detection early, balance of highly disparate classes, and clear explanation. The proposed ViT–DeepLabV3 + system establishes a basis for advanced AI support to colorectal diagnosis by utilizing self-attention strategies and learning with different scales of context. The system offers a high-capacity, reproducible computerised colorectal cancer screening and monitoring solution and can be best deployed where resources are scarce, and it can be highly desirable for clinical deployment. © The Author(s) 2025.

Keywords: Automatic segmentation DeepLabV3+ Diagnosis of colorectal cancer Hyper-granular image analysis Vision transformers

BioMed Central Ltd | Art. 283 | EID: 2-s2.0-105010650495

Recycled seashells as sustainable aggregates in concrete: Advancing waste management and enhancing performance: A comprehensive review

2025

Hamada H.M.; Al-Attar A.; Askar M.K.; Beddu S.; Majdi A.; Humada A.M.

Journal of Building Engineering , Vol. 110

1 citations Review English ISSN: 23527102

Al-Qalam University College, Kirkuk, 36001, Iraq; Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq; Highways and Bridges Engineering, Technical College of Engineering, Duhok Polytechnic University (DPU) and University of Duhok (UoD), Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq; Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Selangor, Kajang, 43000, Malaysia; Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Al Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, Iraq; College of Information Technology, Imam Ja'afar Al‐Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq

The increasing demand for building construction and infrastructure projects has led to the release of huge quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, heightened energy consumption, and increased environmental pollution. The depletion of vital concrete materials due to construction activities exacerbates these emissions. This review explores the influence of different seashell proportions, as aggregate replacements, on concrete performance. It comprehensively examines the physical, chemical, mechanical, and durability properties of concretes incorporating seashells, synthesizing current research covering from 2000 to 2025. The findings reveal a positive correlation between the use of seashell aggregates and enhanced mechanical strength in concrete. Calcium oxide (CaO) constitutes the highest percentage among other components in seashells. In most cases, the addition of seashells as aggregates reduced workability and density and increased the strength of concrete. For instance, workability was reduced from 40.6 to 15 mm due to the addition of 50 % as aggregate. The compressive strength increased from 25 to 30 MPa due to the addition of 10 % cockle shells as aggregate, while it decreased with high replacement levels. Thus, it is concluded that seashells possess significant potential as sustainable concrete materials and enhance the waste management process. The results support the widespread adoption of seashells in the production of sustainable concretes. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd

Keywords: Aggregate Concrete Energy Seashells Sustainable Waste management

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 113067 | EID: 2-s2.0-105007430148

A Novel Hybrid Metaheuristic MPA-PSO to Optimize the Properties of Viscous Dampers

2025

Shemshaki E.; Haddad M.H.; Mashayekhi M.; Aghajanzadeh S.M.; Majdi A.; Noroozinejad Farsangi E.

Buildings , Vol. 15 (8)

1 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 20755309

Department of Civil Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, 1996715433, Iran; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 4741613534, Iran; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Urban Transformations Research Center (UTRC), Western Sydney University, Penrith, 2150, NSW, Australia

Nowadays, it is very important to reduce structural vibrations and control seismic reactions against earthquakes. Nonlinear viscous dampers are known as one of the effective tools for absorbing and dissipating earthquake energy to reduce structural responses. The characteristics of nonlinear viscous dampers, including the damping coefficient, axial stiffness, and velocity exponent, play a crucial role in their performance. In this research, the optimization of nonlinear viscous damper characteristics to minimize the peak absolute displacement of the roof in three- and five-story reinforced concrete flexural frames under the El Centro earthquake record has been investigated. Structural modeling and dynamic analyses are performed using OpenSees 3.5.0 software, and damper parameter optimization is performed through a new combination of two marine predator algorithms (MPA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). Furthermore, the performance of the new algorithm is compared with each of these methods separately to evaluate the efficiency improvement for displacement reduction. The results show that the hybrid algorithm has demonstrated significant performance improvement compared to the independent methods in identifying optimal values. Specifically, in the three-story frame, the roof displacement using the MPA-PSO method was 0.77026, which is lower than 0.77140 with the PSO method. Additionally, the damping coefficient in this method decreased to 14.22824 kN·s/mm, which is a significant reduction compared to 19.32417 kN·s/mm in the PSO method. Furthermore, in the more complex five-story frame, the two comparison methods were unable to reach the optimal solution, while the proposed method successfully found an optimal solution. These results validate the performance and advantages of the proposed hybrid algorithm. © 2025 by the authors.

Keywords: hybrid meta-heuristics optimization PSO viscous dampers

Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) | Art. 1330 | EID: 2-s2.0-105003648926

SPSS analysis for predicting the occupational health and safety of sawmill workers in the wood processing industries in Kerala, India

2025

Narayan P.; Arutchelvan V.; Jacob S.; Warimani M.; Khan S.A.; Sonachalam M.; Shekar C.; Majdi A.; Algburi S.; Ali A.H.; Khan W.A.; Naik N.C.K.

Discover Sustainability , Vol. 6 (1)

1 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 26629984

Head of the Department, School of Mechanical & Building Sciences, SARABHAI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Kerala, TRIVANDRUM, India; Department of Civil Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram city, India; Department of Civil Engineering, Carmel College of Engineering and Technology, Kerala, Alappuzha, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, P. A. College of Engineering, Karnataka, Kairangala, Mangalore, India; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Maharashtra, Satara, India; Department of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, Bangalore Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk, 36015, Iraq; Al-Bayan University, Baghdad, Iraq; School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Institute of Technology, Dire- Dawa University, Dire Dawa, 1487, Ethiopia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, BGS College of Engineering and Technology, Bangalore, 86, India

This study examines how sawmill workers in Kerala, India’s occupational health is affected by dust exposure and equipment noise, with a particular emphasis on lung function and noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). One-way analysis of variance and Scheffé post hoc multiple comparisons were utilized to analyze the data using SPSS Version 26. Measurements were taken for key lung function parameters—forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and the ratio of FEV1 to FVC (FEV1/FVC)—along with hearing threshold levels (HTL) at frequencies from 250 to 8000 Hz. The findings indicated statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in lung function indices and HTL across different noise exposure levels, with the exception of the profound noise exposure group (G5). Notably, workers exhibited a greater propensity to expose their right ear to noise sources, suggesting a behavioral factor in NIHL. Additionally, noise interference from multiple simultaneously operating machines was identified as contributing to hearing loss. These results demonstrate how urgently improved workplace safety measures—such as efficient dust management, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), routine health examinations, and thorough worker training programs—are needed. By putting these strategies into practice, occupational health hazards may be considerably reduced, increasing the general health and safety of sawmill workers. © The Author(s) 2025.

Keywords: Hazard Occupational exposure Safety Sawmill industries SPSS Wood dust

Springer Nature | Art. 976 | EID: 2-s2.0-105017789679

Synthesis, Characterizations of New Schiff Base Heterocyclic Derivatives and their Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Nonlinear Optical (NLO) Studies

2025

Sharada T.; Manjunatha K.; Yogeesha H.C.; Harisha P.; Channa Keshava N.N.; Ambika A.V.; Algburi S.; Majdi A.; Abdulhadi A.M.

Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series D

Article English ISSN: 22502122

Department of Physics, Nagarjuna College of Engineering and Technology, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Bangalore, 562164, India; Department of Chemistry, Nagarjuna College of Engineering and Technology, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Bangalore, 562164, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nagarjuna College of Engineering and Technology, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Bangalore, 562164, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, BGS College of Engineering and Technology, Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Department of Physics, BGS College of Engineering and Technology, Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk, 36015, Iraq; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hillah, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Al-Safwa University College, Kerbala, Iraq

The synthesis of novel Schiff base heterocyclic compounds, along with their structural, electronic, and optical properties, is presented, highlighting their significance for potential applications in optoelectronic devices. Derivatives of 4-methylpyridin-2-amine and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde which comprises of the condensation reactions by the help of ethanol and catalysed by a small amount of sulfuric acid. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was employed to monitor and confirm the formation of the Schiff base. After performing the FTIR spectroscopy, the functional groups are important and feature an intense CN stretching frequency at 1650 cm⁻1 for the Schiff base. UV–Vis spectra such as π to π* transition at 290 nm, n to π* transition at 350 nm, and charge transfer band approximately at 450 nm were identified. The XRD analysis also revealed that all the synthesized compounds had high crystalline nature from their diffraction pattern of peaks. Density Functional Theory(DFT) estimated and indicated a HOMO–LUMO energy difference of 4.168. Hence, the energy spectrum of the source LMC X-3 at 25 eV is relatively highly populated and therefore the source is comparatively less electronically excited/radioactively unstable. The previous charge distribution analysis has helped to conclude that the electron density region is more concentrated on the oxygen and nitrogen atoms than the others. These NLO properties were calculated by employing the finite filed method. Second order hyperpolarizability values were in the range of 2.90 × 10–30 to 4.25 × 10–30 esu. This systematic study evidently demonstrates the potential of these Schiff base derivatives for optoelectronics application due to their reasonably good structural, electronic, and NLO properties. © The Institution of Engineers (India) 2025.

Keywords: Heterocyclic derivatives Ligands Non-linear optical Schiff base Synthesis

Springer | EID: 2-s2.0-105026300462

Green concrete alternatives: Utilizing industrial byproducts in geopolymer systems

2025

Hongwei Y.; Majdi A.; Ali H.E.; Escorcia-Gutierrez J.

Case Studies in Construction Materials , Vol. 23

Article Open Access English ISSN: 22145095

School of Architecture and Engineering, Xinjiang Applied Vocational and Technical College, Xinjiang, Yili, 8333200, China; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Department of Computational Science and Electronics, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Barranquilla, 080020, Colombia

The structural performance of Recycled Coarse Aggregate (RCA) concrete wrapped with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) has received research attention; however, the confinement behavior of Red Mud-based Geopolymer Concrete (RMGC) incorporating RCA and strengthened with Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) remains insufficiently addressed, particularly through advanced modeling. This study addresses this gap by experimentally and numerically evaluating the axial compressive behavior of CFRP-confined RMGC cylinders, where variations include concrete strength, number of CFRP layers, and confinement configuration. A validated Finite Element Modeling (FEM) model was employed to simulate key parameters, such as cylinder diameter, fiber thickness, modulus of elasticity, and orientation. Results revealed that confined strength fcc′ improved by 125% when the diameter and fco′ increased, while a 7.47% reduction occurred with increased modulus Ef. Additionally, a novel regression-based model of ANN was developed, achieving a predictive accuracy of R2=0.96, outperforming prior models. This study presents a refined analytical tool and a validated parametric database for optimizing CFRP confinement in geopolymer RCA concrete, thereby supporting sustainable, efficient, and high-performance structural design. © 2025

Keywords: Axial compressive strength CFRP confinement Finite element modeling (FEM) Geopolymer concrete Recycled aggregate Red mud

Elsevier Ltd | Art. e05253 | EID: 2-s2.0-105015790970

Torsional Pounding Effects on Seismic Response of Base-Isolated Buildings: Predictive Capability of Earthquake Characteristics

2025

Majdi A.; Kontoni D.-P.N.; Othman N.A.

Earthquake Engineering and Resilience , Vol. 4 (4), pp. 568-579

Article Open Access English ISSN: 27705706

Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Hillah, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of the Peloponnese, Patras, Greece; School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece; Department of Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Knowledge University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Computer Engineering, Al-Kitab University, Altun Kupri, Iraq

Pounding between adjacent structures during seismic events poses a significant threat to structural integrity, particularly for base-isolated buildings. This risk is further compounded when considering the presence of torsion, which can exacerbate the detrimental effects of pounding. Accurate prediction of structural behavior under combined pounding and torsion is crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies. This study aims to address this critical issue by exploring the relationship between key earthquake parameters (peak ground acceleration [PGA], peak ground velocity [PGV], significant duration, and pulse period) and the structural seismic response, measured through interstory drift ratio (IDR). Three scenarios are examined to reduce uncertainty in the results: (1) increasing mass eccentricity, (2) enhancing the damping ratio, and (3) reducing the response modification factor (RI). Nonlinear time-history analyses were conducted using a detailed numerical model of 2 six-story base-isolated structures limited by surrounding moat walls under pounding and torsion effects. The results demonstrate that PGA is the most dominant earthquake characteristic influencing IDR. Increasing mass eccentricity amplifies the effect of PGA. While increasing the damping ratio strengthens the correlation between PGA and IDR, it weakens the influence of PGV. © 2025 The Author(s). Earthquake Engineering and Resilience published by Tianjin University and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.

Keywords: base-isolation earthquake characteristics pounding seismic response steel buildings torsion

John Wiley and Sons Inc | EID: 2-s2.0-105026032376

An Analytical Investigation of Urban Expansion Patterns in the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA) Region Using Geoinformatics

2025

Ray R.; Das A.; Algburi S.; Basu K.; Ul Hasan M.S.; Ahamed N.; Abdulhadi A.M.; Majdi A.

Nature Environment and Pollution Technology , Vol. 24 (4)

Article Open Access English ISSN: 09726268

Department of Earth Sciences and Remote Sensing, JIS University, West Bengal, Kolkata, India; Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT-KGP, West Bengal, India; Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk, 36015, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, Aliah University, West Bengal, Kolkata, India; Al-Safwa University College, Kerbala, 56001, Iraq; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq

Urban expansion has been significant and rapid over the last 30 years, with the outward growth of the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA). Much of this growth has followed a low-density, disparate development pattern, commonly known as urban sprawl. This study aims to examine the spatial expansion pattern in the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Area (KMDA) between 1990 and 2020 through the application of advanced geoinformatics tools and spatial metrics. We analyzed Landsat Satellite images from 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 to evaluate urban areas, including their extent and trends. Patterns of directional expansion, assessed using standard deviation ellipses and wedge analysis, showed a clear north-to-south axis of growth in the study area. The expansion of urbanization by 2020 was therefore more concentrated in the south-western region. Urban growth rates were measured using the Annual Urban Expansion Rate (AUER), Urban Expansion Intensity Index (UEII), and Landscape Expansion Index (LEI). The urban land cover of the study area increased by 446.71 km2 during the study period. The highest growth rate was from 1990 to 2000 (5.42%), followed by a decline in subsequent decades. LEI analysis revealed edge expansion as the prevalent growth type, which is a typical feature of urban sprawl. A mixture of infilling and peripheral growth patterns points to the processes of urban diffusion and clustering. Results for the Department of Labrador were obtained using the Area-Weighted Mean Patch Fractal Dimension (AWMPFD), which classified the urban spatial patterns into four types: major core, secondary core, suburban fringe, and dispersed settlements. Central aggregation and peripheral fragmentation are related straightforwardly. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) further confirmed this spatial distribution pattern, which has valuable implications for both resource managers and urban planners. © 2025 by the authors.

Keywords: Area-weighted mean patch fractal dimension Geospatial study Multiple correspondence analysis Peripheral urban development Spatial expansion patterns Urban metrics

Technoscience Publications | Art. B4312 | EID: 2-s2.0-105024092586

Retraction notice to: “Design a promising non-precious electro-catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells” [Int J Hydrogen Energy 48 (2023) 6308–6316, (S0360319922018572), (10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.04.241)]

2025

Sivaraman; Opulencia M.J.C.; Majdi A.; Patra I.; Abid M.K.; Hammid A.T.; Derakhshandeh M.

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy , Vol. 171

Erratum English ISSN: 03603199

Department of Mathematics, Dwaraka Doss Goverdhan Doss Vaishnav College, University of Madras, Arumbakkam, Chennai, India; College of Business Administration, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Iraq; PhD from NIT Durgapur, West Bengal, India; Department of Anesthesia, College of Health & Medical Technology, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq; Computer Engineering Techniques Department, Faculty of Information Technology, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Mahshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahshahr, Iran

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/article-withdrawal). The article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. After publication, the journal was made aware of concerns that several references in the paper were irrelevant to the content and appeared to be included mainly to benefit certain authors through excessive citation. Additionally, the journal found that only Maryam Derakhshandeh was listed as an author in the original submission. However, during revision, R. Sivaraman, Maria Jade Catalan Opulencia, Ali Majdi, Indrajit Patra, Mohammed Kadhem Abid, and Ali Thaeer Hammid were added to the author list without the editor's approval. This constitutes a clear violation of the journal's policy. The authors did not respond to the editor's request for an explanation within the specified timeframe. Attempts to contact R. Sivaraman, Maria Jade Catalan Opulencia, Ali Majdi, Mohammed Kadhem Abid, and Ali Thaeer Hammid were unsuccessful, as the provided email addresses were invalid and returned undeliverable messages. As a result, the Editor has concluded that the findings in this article cannot be relied upon, and the article must be retracted. We apologize to our readers for any inconvenience this may have caused. © 2025 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 150799 | EID: 2-s2.0-105014971197

Overview of Binocular Diplopia: Etiology, Assessment Methods, and Treatment Strategies

2025

Shakor Y.A.; Bahreini R.; Majdi A.

Journal of Modern Rehabilitation , Vol. 19 (2), pp. 107-119

Review Open Access English ISSN: 2538385X

Azadi Teaching Hospital Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq; Department of Vision Science, Pacific University College of Optometry, Forest Grove, OR, United States; Department of Optical Techniques, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Iraq

Binocular diplopia is a challenging oculomotor disorder that significantly impacts patients’ quality of life. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the etiology, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies for binocular diplopia. Proper diagnosis begins with differentiating between monocular and binocular diplopia, followed by determining whether the cause is motor or sensory. Diagnostic methods include detailed medical history, qualitative and quantitative assessment of diplopia, analysis using tools like the Haab Grid, evaluation of ocular motility, and assessment of head postures. The level of oculomotor defect should be investigated to differentiate between nuclear and supranuclear lesions. Treatment approaches are diverse and depend on the underlying cause. Functional strategies may include prismatic correction, which can provide immediate relief from diplopia. Surgical interventions are considered for cases of paralytic strabismus or when conservative measures are insufficient. The choice of treatment is guided by factors, such as the etiology, duration, and severity of diplopia. Prismatic correction is often used as both a diagnostic tool and a treatment option, allowing for precise adjustment of eye alignment. In cases of acute diplopia, a systematic approach to diagnosis and appropriate identification of possible causes enables better patient management. This comprehensive approach to binocular diplopia, encompassing thorough diagnostic methods and a range of treatment strategies, improves functional outcomes and enhances the quality of life for affected patients. This study emphasizes the complexity of diplopia, distinguishing between monocular and binocular types, and motor and sensory forms. Management involves functional therapies, prismatic correction, and if needed, botulinum toxin or surgery. Prompt evaluation and multidisciplinary collaboration are essential, particularly for neurological causes. Copyright © 2025 Tehran University of Medical Sciences.

Keywords: Diplopia Head tilt Horizontal deviation Strabismus Surgery Vertical deviation

Tehran University of Medical Sciences | EID: 2-s2.0-105002812802

A Comprehensive Review on Oculomotor Nerve Palsy: Diagnosis and Management Strategies

2025

Shakor Y.A.; Moravvej R.; Majdi A.; Bahreini R.

Journal of Modern Rehabilitation , Vol. 19 (2), pp. 120-130

Review Open Access English ISSN: 2538385X

Azadi Teaching Hospital, Kirkuk, Iraq; Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Rehabilitation Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Optical Techniques, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Iraq; Department of Vision Science, Pacific University, College of Optometry, Forest Grove, United States

The third cranial nerve (oculomotor nerve) plays an essential role in the function of ocular movement and mainly innervates the inferior oblique, medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus, levator palpebrae, pupillary sphincter, and ciliary muscle. The most frequent clinical manifestations of oculomotor nerve palsy are ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, pupillary dysfunction, and diplopia. The etiology of oculomotor nerve palsy is complex, including congenital tumors, craniocerebral trauma, intracranial inflammation, diabetes, intracranial aneurysm, cerebrovascular infarction or hemorrhagic disease, myasthenia gravis, multiple myeloma demyelinating diseases, and other uncommon causes. Each etiology of oculomotor nerve palsy has its corresponding clinical features. The present study comprehensively reviews the common etiologies of oculomotor nerve palsy and the corresponding clinical manifestations and treatment methods to help practitioners with the prompt and accurate clinical diagnosis of the causes and effective management plan. Copyright © 2025 Tehran University of Medical Sciences.

Keywords: Blepharoptosis Oculomotor nerve palsy Strabismus Third nerve palsy

Tehran University of Medical Sciences | EID: 2-s2.0-105002465269

Develop a hybrid metaheuristic algorithm for the cost optimization of castellated beam

2025

Haddad M.H.; Tanoumand A.; Mashayekhi M.R.; Majdi A.; Sadeghi Movahhed A.; Noroozinejad Farsangi E.

Engineering Computations (Swansea, Wales) , pp. 1-29

Article English ISSN: 02644401

KN Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hillah, Iraq; Islamic Azad University Shabestar Branch, Shabestar, Iran; Urban Transformations Research Centre, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to improve the battle royale optimization (BRO) (Rahkar Farshi, 2020) algorithm to solve the problem of castellated beams, so it is integrated with particle swarm optimization (PSO) to achieve better solutions. The flowchart of this algorithm has been shown. The formulation of designing the castellated beams has been mentioned and utilized for three different problems. At last, the results of the proposed algorithm have been compared with BRO. The results show that it got better solutions rather than BRO. Design/methodology/approach – Many metaheuristics algorithm has been developed in recent years, but it should be noted that each one of metaheuristics can be used to solve particular problems and it cannot be used to solve all optimization problems. To overcome this weakness, a combination of two metaheuristics will be used. This approach may solve more problems rather than individual metaheuristics. For example, the PSO algorithm may reach a premature result, and the final result may differ from the actual solution. The proposed algorithm in this study is a combination of BRO and PSO. Findings – Regarding the results, the BRO couldn't handle this problem, and the results obtained by the BRO are not close to the results obtained by the BRO-PSO algorithm. However, the best results obtained by BRO-PSO for three problems are 146.14, 347.06 and 321.74, respectively. Moreover, for the three problems cost functions resulting from BRO are 326.92, 366.08 and 337.57. The cost functions show that the proposed algorithm has been improved by 54.9% for the first problem, 5.19% for the second and 4.7% for the last problem. Originality/value – A novel hybrid algorithm has been proposed and tested. © 2025 Mohammad Hasan Haddad, Ali Tanoumand, Mohammad Reza Mashayekhi, Ali Majdi, Ataallah Sadeghi Movahhed and Ehsan Noroozinejad Farsangi

Keywords: Battle royale optimization (BRO) Castellated beams Metaheuristics Optimal design Particle swarm optimization (PSO)

Emerald Publishing | EID: 2-s2.0-105024664416

Long-Term Outcomes of a 360-Degree Intracorneal Ring Implantation for Keratoconus: A 10-Year Follow-Up

2025

Khorrami-Nejad M.; Jadidi K.; Hasan Z.F.; Aghamolaei H.; Sattar Abed Q.; Majdi A.

Cornea

Article English ISSN: 02773740

School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Translational Ophthalmology Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Vision Health Research Center, Bina Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Optical Techniques Department, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Iraq

Purpose: To evaluate the long-term visual, refractive, and tomographic outcomes of a 360-degree intracorneal ring implant for treating keratoconus (KC). Methods: This historical cohort study included 29 eyes of 29 patients with KC who underwent MyoRing implantation. Uncorrected and best-corrected distance visual acuity, refraction, keratometry, and corneal thickness were evaluated preoperatively and at 5 and 10 years postoperatively. Results: Significant improvements were observed in all outcome measures at 5 and 10 years postoperatively compared with the preoperative values (P < 0.001). Uncorrected distance visual acuity improved from 1.25 ± 0.34 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) preoperatively to 0.36 ± 0.24 logMAR at 5 years but showed regression to 0.48 ± 0.35 logMAR at 10 years. Corrected distance visual acuity similarly showed improvement from 0.50 ± 0.24 logMAR preoperatively to 0.18 ± 0.12 logMAR at 5 years, with some regression to 0.25 ± 0.22 logMAR at 10 years. Spherical equivalent improved from -9.38 ± 4.09 diopters (D) preoperatively to -2.70 ± 1.54 D at 5 years but regressed to -3.29 ± 2.22 D at 10 years. Although corneal flattening was observed at 5 years, a slight steepening trend was noted at 10 years. Corneal thickness exhibited an increase after 5 years (P < 0.001), but this trend reversed by the 10-year mark. Conclusions: MyoRing implantation demonstrated significant initial improvements in visual, refractive, and tomographic outcomes in patients with KC; however, some regression toward preoperative values was observed by the 10-year follow-up. This highlights the importance of continued monitoring to assess the long-term impact of the implant and to manage any potential late effects. Copyright © 2025 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

Keywords: corneal tomography keratoconus MyoRing refraction visual acuity

Lippincott Williams and Wilkins | EID: 2-s2.0-85217461293

Clinical profile of patients with monocular elevation deficiency undergoing strabismus surgery

2025

Akbari M.R.; Masoomian B.; Azizi E.; Mahmood M.O.; Mirmohammadsadeghi A.; Majdi A.; Khorrami-Nejad M.

Journal of AAPOS , Vol. 29 (3)

Article English ISSN: 10918531

Translational Ophthalmology Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Optical Techniques Department, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Iraq

Purpose: To provide a comprehensive evaluation of the visual, refractive, and strabismic characteristics of patients with monocular elevation deficiency (MED) undergoing strabismus surgery. Methods: The medical records of patients at a single institution who were diagnosed with and underwent surgery for MED were reviewed retrospectively. Visual acuity, refractive error, angle of deviation, abnormal head posture (AHP), presence of ptosis, prevalence of amblyopia and strabismic patterns were analyzed, with MED eyes compared with fellow eyes. Results: A total of 105 patients were included. Mean cylindrical refractive error was significantly higher in MED eyes compared with fellow eyes (−1.40 ± 1.70 D vs −0.62 ± 1.00 D [P < 0.001]). Mean spherical equivalent was 0.25 ± 2.32 D in MED eyes and 0.66 ± 1.41 D in fellow eyes (P = 0.014). In 67 patients with visual acuity measurements, mean corrected distance visual acuity in MED eyes was significantly worse than in fellow eyes (0.18 ± 0.20 vs 0.05 ± 0.11 logMAR [P < 0.001]). Forty patients (60%) had unilateral amblyopia, 38 in the MED eye. The most common type of deviation was hypotropia alone (50%), followed by hypotropia with exotropia (33%) and hypotropia with esotropia (17%). Pure chin-up was the most frequent type of AHP, in 31 of 36 patients with an AHP (86%). Ptosis in the MED eye was observed in 89 patients (85%). Conclusions: Our findings highlight the variety of clinical presentations in a relatively large cohort of patients with MED undergoing strabismus surgery. © 2025 American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus

Elsevier Inc. | Art. 104221 | EID: 2-s2.0-105005864539

Responding to comments on “Astigmatism in Duane Retraction syndrome”

2025

Khorrami-Nejad M.; Akbari M.R.; Masoomian B.; Mahmood H.A.; Daneshvar K.; Majdi A.

BMC Ophthalmology , Vol. 25 (1)

Letter Open Access English ISSN: 14712415

Translational Ophthalmology Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Optometry Department, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Enghelab St., Tehran, Iran; Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, 51001, Iraq

This response addresses readers’ comments on our study published in BMC Ophthalmology, which analyzed astigmatic variations among Duane Retraction Syndrome (DRS) subtypes. We clarified that our retrospective study relied on clinical data rather than advanced imaging due to practical limitations. Differences in DRS subtype prevalence were attributed to our focus on patients requiring surgical intervention rather than general epidemiological patterns. Age-related refractive variations across different DRS subtypes were found to be statistically insignificant, confirming that age differences did not influence the observed refractive patterns. The potential paradoxical effects of co-contraction and palpebral fissure narrowing on corneal curvature are notable, as both factors can simultaneously influence corneal changes. However, co-contraction may have a more prominent effect on corneal curvature than palpebral fissure narrowing, leading to a tendency toward against-the-rule astigmatism. Data inconsistencies in Table 3 were corrected, and the omission of key symbols in formulas was acknowledged. The insights provided by readers underscore the need for future studies incorporating advanced diagnostics and corneal topographic data to achieve a deeper understanding of astigmatism in DRS. © The Author(s) 2025.

BioMed Central Ltd | Art. 128 | EID: 2-s2.0-105000297773

Comparison of the Optical Biometry Based on Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography and Ultrasound-Based Biometry Device in Patients With Mature Cataract

2025

Khorrami-Nejad M.; Khodaparast M.; Ali G.H.; Majdi A.; Ranjbar-Pazooki M.; Azizi E.

International Journal of Clinical Practice , Vol. 2025 (1)

Article Open Access English ISSN: 13685031

Optometry Department, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Translational Ophthalmology Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Optical Techniques Department, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, 51001, Iraq

Objectives: To compare the agreement and reliability values between an optical biometry based on swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) (IOLMaster 700; Carl Zeiss, Germany) and an ocular ultrasound-based biometry device (Nidek; US-4000 Echoscan, Japan) for axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and lens thickness (LT) measurements. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 101 eyes of 101 consecutive patients with mature cataract underwent routine eye examinations. Then, ocular biometry measurements through optical biometry and contact ultrasound biometry were carried out. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for reliability and Bland–Altman plots for the agreement between the mean findings of the two devices were analyzed. Results: The mean age of patients was 61.6 ± 13.1 (range, 27–94) years. For AL, the mean differences were small (0.10 mm), but with a very strong correlation and excellent agreement (r = 0.999, ICC = 0.999, p < 0.001) between the two devices. Similarly, for ACD, the correlation was very high with excellent reliability (r = 0.958, ICC = 0.974, p < 0.001), though the ultrasound biometer reported a slightly deeper mean ACD (by 0.13 mm). For LT, the agreement and correlation were lower (r = 0.508, ICC = 0.663, p < 0.001), with the optical biometer reporting a thicker mean LT (0.31 mm) than the ultrasound biometer. Conclusion: AL and ACD measurements from the optical biometry based on swept-source OCT and ultrasound can be used interchangeably in patients with mature cataract. However, LT measurements from the two devices should not be considered interchangeable. Copyright © 2025 Masoud Khorrami-Nejad et al. International Journal of Clinical Practice published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Keywords: anterior chamber depth axial length cataract lens thickness optical biometer ultrasound biometer

John Wiley and Sons Ltd | Art. 5679146 | EID: 2-s2.0-105008288605

2024

33 papers

Source, toxicity and carcinogenic health risk assessment of heavy metals

2024

Budi H.S.; Catalan Opulencia M.J.; Afra A.; Abdelbasset W.K.; Abdullaev D.; Majdi A.; Taherian M.; Ekrami H.A.; Mohammadi M.J.

Reviews on Environmental Health , Vol. 39 (1), pp. 77-90

126 citations Review English ISSN: 00487554

Department of Oral Biology, Dental Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60132, Indonesia; College of Business Administration, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Department of Physical Therapy, Kasr Al-Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Dean of the Pediatric Dentistry, Tashkent State Dental Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Research Scholar, Department of Scientific Affairs, Samarkand State Medical Institute, Samarkand, Uzbekistan; Al-Mustaqbal University College: Civil Engineering Al-Hilla, Babylon, Iraq; Student Research Komiteh, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia

Heavy metals are chemical elements with unique properties that are toxic even in low concentrations and affect human health with different functions. Agricultural and industrial activities, improper disposal of household solid waste and residues related to industrial producers, discharge of household wastewater and agricultural fertilizers are the most important ways in which toxic heavy metals enter the environment, which harms human health and life. A narrative review of the literature was done from 2000 to 2022 based on searched databases included Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer, Web of Science, and Science Direct (Scopus). All relevant studies published 2000 until 2022 gathered. According to the databases, 820 articles were retrieved. 186 and 50 articles were found and selected based on records identified through database searching and additional records identified through other sources. In the next stage, 97 studies were screened after review and 64 full-text articles entered into the analysis process. Finally, 45 articles were selected in this study. Adverse effects of heavy metals on various conditions in the body depend on a number of factors, including dose, route of exposure and chemical species, as well as age, sex, genetics, nutritional status, and duration of exposure to the heavy metal. The existence of significant relationships between long-term and short-term exposure to toxic heavy metals and their adverse effects, including carcinogenicity, has been extensively studied and proven through numerous experiments. However, the mechanisms associated with this complication have not been properly identified, so in future research, there is a great need for comprehensive studies on the carcinogenicity of heavy metals. © 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.

Keywords: carcinogenicity health heavy metals risk assessment toxicity

Walter de Gruyter GmbH | EID: 2-s2.0-85139854031

Enhancing sustainability in concrete construction: A comprehensive review of plastic waste as an aggregate material

2024

Hamada H.M.; Al-Attar A.; Abed F.; Beddu S.; Humada A.M.; Majdi A.; Yousif S.T.; Thomas B.S.

Sustainable Materials and Technologies , Vol. 40

92 citations Review English ISSN: 22149937

Al-Qalam University College, Kirkuk, 36001, Iraq; Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Selangor, Kajang, 43000, Malaysia; College of Information Technology, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Al Mustaqbal University College, 51001 Hilla, Babylon, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Nawroz University, Kurdistan, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala, 673601, India

With the proliferation of the population and the evolution of lifestyles, the issue of plastic waste has emerged as a significant environmental challenge due to its non-biodegradable nature and voluminous generation. However, there has been a scarcity of substantial research efforts to examine the influence of plastic waste on the properties of concrete. The current study aims to undertake a comprehensive review of the findings from previous research endeavors, with a specific focus on the period between 2020 and 2024, to investigate the potential of utilizing plastic waste as an aggregate in cement concrete components. To present a comprehensive review of this study, the literature pertaining to the use of plastic waste as aggregates in cement concrete has been examined and analyzed. The key types of plastic waste and their recycling as aggregates in concrete mixtures are briefly discussed. The physical and mechanical properties of these plastics and their impact on the mechanical and durability properties of concrete were evaluated, as well as their economic benefits and the limitations to their usage. The results indicate that the addition of specific categories of plastic waste enhances the workability and reduces the density, compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths of concrete to acceptable levels compared to the control samples. The incorporation of plastic waste into the cement concrete matrix leads to significant economic benefits by reducing the consumption of raw materials and the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere. The addition of plastic waste as an aggregate in concrete mixtures can also decrease the thermal conductivity property of concrete. Furthermore, the durability properties can be improved with the incorporation of a small quantity of plastic waste. Additionally, the use of plastic waste as an aggregate in concrete mixtures has the potential to reduce production costs and alleviate environmental pollution for a cleaner environment. Therefore, this investigation concludes that the appropriate utilization of plastic waste in construction projects can greatly enhance sustainability and mitigate the adverse impact of plastic waste on the environment. © 2023

Keywords: Aggregate Concrete Energy Environment Plastic wastes Sustainability

Elsevier B.V. | Art. e00877 | EID: 2-s2.0-85186768055

Experimental investigation on UHPC-NSC composite beams

2024

Nadir W.; Kadhim M.M.A.; Jawdhari A.; Peiris A.; Majdi A.

Structures , Vol. 60

27 citations Article English ISSN: 23520124

Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, 51013, Iraq; College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Hilla, 51002, Iraq; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007, SD, United States; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40506, KY, United States; Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq

A hybrid beam composed of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) and normal strength concrete (NSC), is experimentally evaluated. The layout optimizes cost and performance by placing the UHPC full-depth section at mid-span of the hybrid beam. The length of the UHPC section compared to the span length (Lu/L) as well as the angle between the UHPC and NSC interface is varied experimentally, and the performance evaluated against fully NSC and fully UHPC control beams. The fully UHPC beam (BU) had an ultimate load 63.5% higher compared to the NSC beam (B). All three hybrid UHPC-NSC beams B0.5, B0.6, and B0.5I, having Lu/L ≥ 0.5, achieved ultimate loads of 92.3%, 95.8% and 94.2% of the fully UHPC beam ultimate load respectively. The failure of the hybrid beam with the inclined joint (B0.5I) was more gradual when compared with the beam with the straight joint (B0.5) having the same volume of UHPC. The hot joint between UHPC and NSC in the hybrid beams showed no joint separation. The developed 3D FE model was able to predict the load-deflection behaviour as well as crack locations and crack localization. In hybrid UHPC-NSC beams, steel yielding can initiate near the UHPC-NSC joint location, where unlike within the UHPC portion, the steel rebars are required to carry the entire tensile force. An analytical method is proposed to provide conservative design loads considering the different failures expected from the hybrid UHPC-NSC beam. © 2024 Institution of Structural Engineers

Keywords: Concrete Flexure Overlay Strengthening Ultra-high performance concrete

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 105885 | EID: 2-s2.0-85183057563

Cyclic behavior of UHPC corner beam-column joints under bi-directional bending

2024

Nadir W.; Ali A.Y.; Jawdhari A.; Kadhim M.M.A.; Majdi A.

Structures , Vol. 60

21 citations Article English ISSN: 23520124

Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, 51013, Iraq; College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Hilla, 51002, Iraq; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007, SD, United States; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq

Design codes contain special provisions for anchorage lengths of flexural reinforcement and amount of transverse reinforcement in beam-column joints, to safeguard against joint failure and possible structural collapse. However, those stipulations could lead to congested joints with construction problems such as segregation. This study leverages experimental testing of eight corner beam-column joints under constant axial and cyclic bi-directional bending loads. In addition to being one of few on corner joints under a complex and practical loading, the study's main aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) as a joint fill in lieu of normal strength concrete (NSC). Brittle failure, either by pure shear or shear combined with yielding of beam reinforcement occurred in all NSC joints and varied in shape and intensity depending on the column depth-to-beam longitudinal bar diameter (hc ⁄db) ratio and spacing of transverse beam/column reinforcement. Ductile failure characterized by the yielding of beam reinforcement and plastic hinge at the beam-joint interface occurred in all UHPC joints and was independent of the two aforementioned variables. The application of UHPC in the joint region resulted in increasing the joint ultimate strength by 27.6–54.8%, energy dissipation by 24–163%, and stiffness by 20 to 50%, compared to NSC joints. Such results were obtained when no transverse reinforcement is used in the joint, and only half transverse reinforcement is used in the beam/column members, and with hc ⁄db relaxed to 38% of the code recommended ratio, highlighting the advantages of UHPC joints. Predictions of ACI-ASCE 352R code were found to be overly unconservative and in need of future improvement. © 2024 Institution of Structural Engineers

Keywords: Anchorage length Corner beam-column joint Development length Joint shear failure UHPC Ultra-high performance concrete

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 105857 | EID: 2-s2.0-85183785532

Structural flexibility impact on pounding severity and seismic performance of adjacent isolated buildings

2024

Sadeghi-Movahhed A.; De Domenico D.; Majdi A.

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering , Vol. 181

16 citations Article English ISSN: 02677261

Department of Civil Engineering, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran; Department of Engineering, University of Messina, Messina, 98166, Italy; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq

Limited research on the pounding of adjacent isolated buildings (floor-to-floor pounding) and conflicting results about the effect of ductility on pounding severity highlight the need for further investigation. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the impact of superstructure flexibility and isolator characteristics on pounding severity and seismic performance of adjacent isolated buildings. To achieve this, several 3D models were designed, and the effects of flexibility variations were examined in four scenarios under pounding. These scenarios involved changing response modification coefficient (Ri), building height, superstructure system type, and isolator period (Tb). Due to the time-consuming nature of nonlinear dynamic analysis, the endurance time (ET) method was employed to assess the seismic response. Results indicate that increasing isolator flexibility and decreasing superstructure flexibility led to a reduction in the performance of isolated buildings under pounding. However, these factors were found to have an insignificant impact on the performance of taller adjacent isolated buildings. Furthermore, the critical point for adjacent isolated buildings in most scenarios was found to be the isolated level. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd

Keywords: Ductility Pounding Seismic isolation Steel building Superstructure flexibility

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 108667 | EID: 2-s2.0-85191199266

Estimating the joint shear strength of exterior beam–column joints using artificial neural networks via experimental results

2024

Harith I.K.; Nadir W.; Salah M.S.; Majdi A.

Innovative Infrastructure Solutions , Vol. 9 (2)

16 citations Article English ISSN: 23644176

Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, 51013, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, 56001, Iraq; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hillah, Babylon, 51001, Iraq

Beam–column joints play an important role in resisting lateral loads induced by earthquakes. Previous post-earthquake reports have indicated that the failure of beam–column joints was a primary cause of the collapse of numerous existing reinforced concrete structures, even when designed in accordance with seismic building code requirements. This study aims to design artificial neural networks (ANNs) model to evaluate the joint shear strength capacity of exterior beam–column joint and, in addition, assess the adequacy of existing code provisions utilized in estimating the shear strength of exterior beam–column joints. A database comprising 127 tested specimens from the existing literature encompassing a wide range of variables was constructed and utilized for developing, training, and validating the ANN-based model and assess the building code provisions. The performance of the designed ANN models and building code provisions was evaluated using metrics such as Pearson correlation coefficient (R), mean value (μ) of the ratio of predicted joint shear strength to experimental, standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (COV), and the mean absolute errors (MAE). The result demonstrates that ANN designed model shows high performance with accurate and reliable means of predicting joint shear strength of beam–column, offering potential improvements over existing national building code provisions. In addition, the present study drives a weight factor for input variables making the use of designed model easily accessible to anyone interested in simulating the procedure using a spreadsheet. © 2024, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Keywords: ANN Artificial neural networks Backpropagation neural networks Exterior beam–column joint Hidden layer Joint shear strength

Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH | Art. 38 | EID: 2-s2.0-85182642605

Optimization and modelling of Pb (II) and Cu (II) adsorption onto red algae (Gracilaria changii)-based activated carbon by using response surface methodology

2024

Isam M.; Baloo L.; Chabuk A.; Majdi A.; Al-Ansari N.

Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery , Vol. 14 (15), pp. 16799-16818

16 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 21906815

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Perak Darul Ridzuan, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 32610, Malaysia; Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Department of Environment Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, 971 87, Sweden

Activated carbon obtained from red algae Gracilaria changii was used as an adsorbent to remove Pb (II) and Cu (II) from an aqueous solution. The raw red algae were first impregnated with phosphoric acid, followed by thermal activation. The Box–Behnken design was used to optimize the activation process. The optimum activation parameters were 84%, 650 °C, and 175 min for acid concentration, activation temperature, and activation time, respectively. The obtained activated carbon had a high surface area of 867 m2/g. The removal of Pb (II) and Cu (II) was evaluated using a batch adsorption study. The effect of solution pH on the removal of metal ions was investigated within the range of 2–7. The effect of three important adsorption parameters (initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contact time) was analyzed using central composite design. The optimum removal of Pb (II) and Cu (II) was 76% and 36%, respectively. The adsorption kinetics obeyed the pseudo-second-order model, while the adsorption isotherm obeyed the Langmuir model. © The Author(s) 2023.

Keywords: Activated carbon Adsorption Gracilaria changii Heavy metals Response surface methodology

Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH | EID: 2-s2.0-85153116596

Vulnerability assessment of tall isolated steel building under variable earthquake hazard levels using endurance time method

2024

Sadeghi-Movahhed A.; Billah A.H.M.M.; Shirkhani A.; Mashayekhi M.; Majdi A.

Journal of Structural Integrity and Maintenance , Vol. 9 (1)

15 citations Article English ISSN: 24705314

Department of Civil Engineering, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Civil Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Iraq

In this research, the superstructure behavior in isolated structures has been studied based on their ductility. For this purpose, three tall structures isolated by triple friction pendulum isolators (TFPI) have been designed. The ductility of superstructures is different due to their different seismic force-resisting systems. The performance of the structures has been evaluated by endurance time (ET) method. This method significantly reduces nonlinear dynamic analysis time by optimizing the number of desired earthquake records to one to three endurance time excitation functions (ETEFs). Additionally, the seismic response of structures under different earthquake hazard levels can be achieved by this method. Results show that the change in ratio of the isolator period to the superstructure period (TI/TS) can affect floor acceleration, TFPI displacement and interstory drift ratio (IDR). However, TFPI displacement and IDR are also sensitive to the type of superstructure system, whether it is a braced frame or a moment frame. Moreover, there is a possibility of entering the collapse phase of structural components in tall isolated structures with braced or moment frame which are designed by linear static and spectral methods, under an earthquake with a return period equal to the earthquake hazard level considered in the design step. © 2024 Korea Institute for Structural Maintenance and Inspection.

Keywords: Base isolation ductility endurance time analysis steel buildings tall building

Taylor and Francis Ltd. | Art. 2314816 | EID: 2-s2.0-85186932203

The latest innovations in CuBi2O4-based photocatalysts and their contribution in degradation of toxic organic pollutants under simulated solar energy

2024

Jabbar Z.H.; Graimed B.H.; Ammar S.H.; Taher A.G.; Majdi A.; Mohammed A.A.

Solar Energy , Vol. 282

12 citations Review English ISSN: 0038092X

Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq; Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Nahrain University, Jadriya, Baghdad, Iraq; College of Engineering, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq; Ministry of Oil, Oil pipelines Company, Daura, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Department of Medical Devices Technology Engineering, Al-Amarah University College, Maysan, Iraq

A few years ago, the oxidation of toxic organic pollutants became a serious environmental issue, demanding the establishment of outstanding photocatalytic nanomaterials. Our study summarizes the most recent advancements in CuBi2O4-based heterojunctions, as well as their synthesis technologies, characterizations, and application in photooxidation of organic pollutants under solar radiation. This review uncovers the theoretical theories and in-/ex-situ experiments to describe the transportation of induced photocarriers in Type II, Z-scheme, p-n, and S-scheme routes. We found that the establishment of type II and p-n heterojunctions between CuBi2O4 and complementary semiconductors has advantages in boosting the migration of charge carriers and impeding their recombination, but the difficulty of establishing strong reduction and oxidation band structures still restricts their practical applications. It was revealed that the CuBi2O4-based heterostructure with the S-scheme system broadens solar utilization, hurrying the charge mobility, and preserving powerful redox reactions. In the Z-scheme systems, the previous literature demonstrated that the incorporating of a suitable electron mediator into CuBi2O4-based heterojunction, like Bi, CQDs, Ag, Cu, and others, could act as recombination centers to speed up the transfer of charge carriers and prevent their unfavorable reintegration. The CuBi2O4-based photocatalysts offered high degradation efficiency towards different toxic pollutants, confirming the prospect of CuBi2O4-based heterojunction in environmental purification. This work may accelerate the wheel of advancements to discover novel CuBi2O4-based photocatalysts to provide mitigated environmental pollution and cleaner ecosystems. © 2024 International Solar Energy Society

Keywords: Characterizations CuBi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-based heterojunction Modification technologies Organic degradation Solar energy photocatalysis

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 112988 | EID: 2-s2.0-85205928165

Impact of injection pressure on a dual-fuel engine using acetylene gas and microalgae blends of chlorella protothecoides

2024

Sonachalam M.; Jayaprakash R.; Manieniyan V.; Srinivasa Murthy M.; Johar M.G.M.; Sivaprakasam S.; Warimani M.; Kumar N.; Majdi A.; Alsubih M.; Islam S.; Abdullah M.I.

Case Studies in Thermal Engineering , Vol. 60

12 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 2214157X

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Maharashtra, Satara, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saraswathy College of Engineering & Technology, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Annamalai University, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Karwar, 581345, India; Management and Science University, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, P. A. College of Engineering (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi), Mangaluru, India; Nitte (Deemed to Be University), NMAM Institute of Technology (NMAMIT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nitte, 574110, India; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hillah, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia

The amount of fossil fuel usage in compression ignition (CI) engines is greatly reduced when biodiesel is used. The primary disadvantage of using biodiesel is that, due to its high viscosity, which causes fuels to remain unburned during the premixed combustion stage, leads to lower brake thermal efficiency (BTE). Gaseous fuels predominantly reducing emissions in CI engines due to its complete burning without leaving any carbon traces. Fuel injection pressure (FIP) is one of the factors which is influencing the combustion phase because they are used to optimize fuel particle atomization. The current study examines engine parameters for a dual fuel engine that runs on biodiesel blends made from 20 % methyl ester of chlorella protothecoides micro algae (B20MEOA) and acetylene gas under variable Fuel injection pressure (FIP) ranging from 200 bar to 240 bar with 10-bar steps. According to the experimental results, when 3 LPM of acetylene gas is supplied along with the intake air and B20MEOA supplied at a FIP of 240 bar, the emissions such as smoke opacity, hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) are reduced by 16.9 %, 8.3 %, and 15.4 %, respectively, whereas the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) increases by approximately 7 % when compared to B20MEOA alone operation. © 2024

Keywords: Acetylene Chlorella protothecoide Dual fuel Emisison Injection pressure

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 104653 | EID: 2-s2.0-85195486167

Flow characteristics and energy dissipation over stepped spillway with various step geometries: case study (steps with curve end sill)

2024

Jahad U.A.; Chabuk A.; Al-Ameri R.; Majdi H.S.; Majdi A.; Al-Ansari N.; Abed S.A.

Applied Water Science , Vol. 14 (3)

12 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 21905487

Department of Environment Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; School of Engineering, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, 3220, VIC, Australia; Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, SE-971 87, Lulea, Sweden; College of Science, Al-Qadisiyah University, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq

Stepped weirs are used in a wide range of applications, designed to increase energy dissipation. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted in a flume on six stepped weir models, with a downstream angle of θ = 26.6°. The physical models used were on a scale of 10:1, and tests of discharges up to 0.055 m3/s were carried out. Several step geometries including traditional step, sill and curve geometries were used to study flow behavior and overall energy dissipation. The laboratory investigations were augmented by modelling numerically the within step flow and energy behavior using a 2-D CFD model, incorporating the k-ε model for turbulence closure. The results showed that energy dissipation was greatest for the curved steps by about 10.5%, where it was observed that the skimming flow regime was shifted to a higher discharge range. Numerical modelling results showed good agreement with the experimental results. An inspection of the modelled streamlines highlighted the increase in vortex intensity for the curve model, reflecting the strong circulation observed. The predicted stepwise energy dissipation showed the energy dissipation increase when the step number Ns increases. For the range of step height hs, tested, our results showed that energy dissipation increased with step height. The results from this study can be used to inform engineering design for steps with θ = 26.6° and provide estimates of the expected energy dissipation and residual energy. © The Author(s) 2024.

Keywords: Energy dissipation Flow regime Modified step Spillway Stepped

Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH | Art. 60 | EID: 2-s2.0-85186449956

Aptamer Based Nanoprobes for Detection of Foodborne Virus in Food and Environment Samples: Recent Progress and Challenges

2024

Long W.; Patra I.; Rahi Alhachami F.; Akhrarovich Sherbekov U.; Majdi A.; Abed S.A.

Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry , Vol. 54 (5), pp. 1368-1380

12 citations Review English ISSN: 10408347

College of chemistry, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China; An Independent Researcher, PhD from NIT Durgapur, India; Radiology Department, College of Health and Medical Technology, Al-Ayen University, Iraq; Department of General Surgery, Samarkand State Medical Institute, Samarkand, Uzbekistan; Al-Mustaqbal University College, Iraq; College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq

Accepting the fact that there is a huge number of virus particles in food that lead to several infectious diseases, eliminating of the foodborne virus from food is tangible. In 2020, the appearance of new SARS-CoV-2 variants had remarked the importance of food safety in our lives. Detection virus is a dynamic domain. Recently, many papers have tried to detect several foodborne viruses by using conventional sensing platforms including ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), PCR (polymerase chain reaction-based methods) and NASBA (nucleic acid sequence-based amplification). However, small sizes, low infective doses and discrete distribution of the foodborne virus have converted these microorganisms into the most challengeable pathogen in the food samples matrix. Foodborne virus detection exploiting aptamer-based biosensors has attracted considerable attention toward the numerous benefits of sourcing from aptamers in which a variety of viruses could be detected by conjugation of aptamer-virus. The development of multiple sensing methodologies and platforms in terms of aptasensor application in real food and environment samples has demonstrated promising results. In this review, we present the latest developments in myriad types of aptasensors (including electrochemical, optical and piezoelectric aptasensor) for the quantification of foodborne viruses. Working strategies, benefits and disadvantages of these platforms are argued. © 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Keywords: Aptasensor avian influenza virus electrochemical aptasensor food safety foodborne virus norovirus optical aptasensor

Taylor and Francis Ltd. | EID: 2-s2.0-85136522098

Effect of Near-Fault Earthquake Characteristics on Seismic Response of Mid-Rise Structures with Triple Friction Pendulum Isolator

2024

Majdi A.; Mashayekhi M.; Sadeghi-Movahhed A.

Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering , Vol. 12 (1), pp. 47-62

9 citations Article English ISSN: 23454415

Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Department of Civil Engineering, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran

Pulses of near-fault earthquakes are very effective in the seismic response of the Triple Friction Pendulum Isolator (TFPI). In previous studies, the effect of original bidirectional pulses components on the isolated tall buildings by TFPI was neglected. Also, the effect of changing the design parameters of TFPI on preventing seismic disaster in this type of building is unknown. For this reason, a 10 stories moment steel structure mounted on TFPI was designed. Then, the seven pairs of bidirectional near-fault earthquake records without and with removal pulses were applied to the isolated structure. The results show that the seismic responses on the base level decrease by reducing the velocity pulse amplitude (AP) and increasing the velocity pulse period (TP), also if the period of the isolators (TM) is being higher than TP, the seismic responses on the upper floors reduce. Moreover, Increasing the geometrical dimensions of the TFPI can significantly reduce the seismic effect of near-fault earthquake with pulses. © 2024 The Authors.

Keywords: Mid-rise building Near-Fault earthquakes Pulse characteristic Triple friction pendulum isolator

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Semnan University | EID: 2-s2.0-85194566246

Enhancing Wear Resistance of UHMWPE Composites with Micro MoS2 and Nano Graphite: A Taguchi-DOE Approach

2024

Jagannath G.R.R.; Basawaraj N.; Naik Narayana C.K.; Hulikere Mallaradhya M.; Majdi A.; Alkahtani M.Q.; Islam S.

ACS Omega , Vol. 9 (14), pp. 16743-16758

9 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 24701343

Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.N.S. Institute of Technology, Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Bengaluru, 590018, India; Department of Aerospace Propulsion Technology, VTU-Regional Centre Muddenahalli, Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Bengaluru, 560091, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, BGS College of Engineering and Technology, Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Bengaluru, 560086, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, SJC Institute of Technology, Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Chickballapura, 562101, India; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia

This study presents an in-depth investigation into the wear characteristics of ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) composites reinforced with microsized MoS2 and nanosized graphite particles. The objective is to enhance the wear resistance of the UHMWPE by examining the effects of various parameters and optimizing the wear performance. To achieve this goal, wet wear tests were conducted under controlled conditions, and the results were compared between composites with micro MoS2 and nano graphite reinforcements. The Taguchi method was employed to design the experiments (DOE) using an L9 orthogonal array. Four key parameters, namely, reinforcement percentage, load, speed, and track radius, were varied systematically to analyze their impact on wear characteristics, including wear rate, frictional forces, and the coefficient of friction (COF). The data obtained from the experiments were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) to identify the significant factors affecting wear behavior. Subsequently, the optimal wear parameters were determined through regression analysis, allowing for the prediction of wear characteristics under the optimum conditions. This research not only provides insights into the comparative performance of micro MoS2 and nano graphite reinforcements in UHMWPE composites but also offers a comprehensive approach to optimizing wear resistance by employing advanced statistical and experimental techniques. The findings contribute to the development of more durable and wear-resistant materials with potential applications in various industries, such as those investigated in the study, which are commonly employed, such as automotive, aerospace, medical devices, or manufacturing. © 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.

American Chemical Society | EID: 2-s2.0-85189517793

Size-dependent vibrations of bi-directional functionally graded porous beams under moving loads incorporating thickness effect

2024

Majdi A.; Yasin Y.; Altalbawy F.M.A.; Al-Timami A.-M.S.; Al Mashhadani Z.I.; Fadel Albahash Z.; Ahmadi S.

Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines , Vol. 52 (4), pp. 1943-1974

9 citations Article English ISSN: 15397734

Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, Iraq; College of Medical Technology, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq; National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), University of Cairo, Giza, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, University College of Duba, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia; Al-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq; College of Technical Engineering, Refrigeration and Air-Condition Technical Engineering Department, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq; Ministry of Oil, Oil Exploration Company, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

This article analyzes the forced and free vibrations of bi-directional functionally graded (BDFG) porous nanobeams under moving loads by considering the thickness effect based on the nonlocal strain gradient theory (NSGT). It is assumed that the material properties of the system are graded across the transverse and axial directions according to power and exponential laws, respectively. Various porosity models, including even, uneven, and asymmetric porosity distribution patterns, are considered to model the porosity effects. The dynamic equation of the system is derived by implementing the physical neutral surface concept. Analytical and numerical approaches are adopted to acquire the vibration response of the system. Mathematical closed-form expressions are provided for various dynamic phenomena, such as two types of cancelation, two types of resonance, maximum resonance, cancelation disappearance, and resonance disappearance. In addition, for the first time in this article, it is demonstrated that BDFG porous nanobeams under moving loads are prone to experience the double cancelation phenomenon. Several comparison studies with published data are conducted to validate the results. Also, comprehensive parametric studies are carried out to elucidate the impacts of system parameters such as thickness power index, axial gradient parameter, scale parameter ratio, axial force, porosity coefficient, and porosity distribution pattern on the dynamic magnification factor, critical load speed, and maximum free-response. The outcomes established that by considering the thickness effect, the stiffening behavior of the system is amplified depending on the slenderness ratio. Also, it is concluded that, among the considered porous models, the critical load speed for the system with an even porosity distribution is more dependent on the thickness power index. © 2023 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Keywords: Bi-directional functionally graded porous nanobeam dynamic phenomena scale parameter ratio single and multiple moving loads thickness effect

Taylor and Francis Ltd. | EID: 2-s2.0-85146984035

Durability and microstructure aspects of sustainable concrete made with ceramic waste: a review

2024

Ahmad J.; Sabri M.M.; Majdi A.; Alattyih W.; Khan I.; Alam M.

Frontiers in Materials , Vol. 11

8 citations Review Open Access English ISSN: 22968016

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan; Moscow Automobile and Road Construction State Technical University (MADI), Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Hilla, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan; Civil Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technology, Mardan, Pakistan

The construction industry consumes natural resources rapidly due to the increased population which requires the development of modern buildings. Therefore, several researchers pay attention to promoting sustainable construction. Among different types of waste, ceramic waste (CW) gained attention in concrete production which reduced the waste dumps from the ceramic industry and improved concrete sustainability. Although several researchers recommend the suitability of CW in concrete production. However, a detailed review is required which summarizes all the relevant information and provides compressive information on its impact on concrete performance. Recently, different researchers reviewed the suitability of CW in concrete. However, most researchers focus on strength properties while limited researchers focus on the durability and microstructure properties of CM concrete. Therefore, this review summarized the concrete durability and microstructure aspects with the substitution of CW. The durability performance of concrete was evaluated through percentages of voids, chloride penetration, water absorption, sulfuric acid resistance, shrinkage, freeze and thaw effect, corrosion resistance, and sulfate resistance. Furthermore, microstructure was reviewed through x ray diffraction, thermal stability, pozzolanic activity and scanning electronic microstructure. Also, the review evaluates the environmental and cost-benefits analysis of CW concrete through embodied energy (EE), carbon emissions (ECO2e), and costs. The findings indicate that CW can effectively replace 10%–15% of conventional materials in concrete, offering both environmental and economic advantages. Copyright © 2025 Ahmad, Sabri, Majdi, Alattyih, Khan and Alam.

Keywords: ceramic waste chloride penetration concrete sustainability water absorption and sulfate resistance

Frontiers Media SA | Art. 1508989 | EID: 2-s2.0-85215537246

Correlation of the Near-Fault Pulse-like Ground Motion Characteristics with the Vulnerability of Buildings

2024

Majdi A.; Kontoni D.-P.N.; Almujibah H.

Buildings , Vol. 14 (9)

7 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 20755309

Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of the Peloponnese, Patras, GR-26334, Greece; School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Patras, GR-26335, Greece; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif City, 21974, Saudi Arabia

Determining the impact of pulse-type earthquake characteristics on the vulnerability of base-isolated buildings under non-pounding conditions has yielded conflicting results in previous studies. Moreover, this issue has received less attention for pounding conditions, especially floor-to-floor pounding. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the correlation between pulse-type earthquake characteristics and the seismic response of buildings under both pounding and non-pounding conditions. In the first stage, three base-isolated buildings and one fixed-base building are analyzed separately under 40 pulse-type earthquakes using the nonlinear time history method. Three scenarios are then considered to account for pounding with adjacent buildings. In the first pounding scenario, a base-isolated building with an intermediate moment frame (IMF) is placed between two fixed-base buildings. The second scenario involves changing the base-isolated building’s superstructure system to a special moment frame (SMF). Finally, the third scenario increases the base isolation period (Tb) of the base-isolated building used in scenario two. The correlation between earthquake characteristics and the seismic response of buildings is assessed by linear regression and the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results demonstrate that peak ground acceleration (PGA) has a strong correlation with the seismic response of buildings under pounding conditions, while peak ground velocity (PGV) shows a stronger correlation under non-pounding conditions. However, predicting building vulnerability with a single pulse-type earthquake characteristic remains unreliable unless a large number of ground motions are considered. Otherwise, it is crucial to consider the correlation of all earthquake characteristics with seismic responses. © 2024 by the authors.

Keywords: earthquake characteristics pulse-type earthquakes seismic isolation seismic responses steel building

Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) | Art. 2801 | EID: 2-s2.0-85205217787

Synthesis and Tensile Characterisation of B4C Particles Reinforced Al7475 (Al-Zn) Alloy Composites

2024

Madhu D.; Patil S.; Nagaral M.; Dayanand S.; Anjinappa C.; Majdi A.; Ali A.H.; Algburi S.; Razak A.; Basawaraj

Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels , Vol. 72 (3), pp. 251-262

6 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 00222755

School of Mechanical Engineering, REVA University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560063, India; Aircraft Research and Design Centre, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560037, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Karnataka, Gangavathi, 583227, India; Department of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, Bangalore Institute of Technology, Karnataka, Bangalore, 560004, India; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Al-Bayan University, Baghdad, 575001, Iraq; Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk, 36015, Iraq; Department of Mechanical Engineering, P. A. College of Engineering (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi), Karnataka, Mangaluru, 574153, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, SKSJTI, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560063, India

This experimental research analyses tensile and microstructural behaviour followed by Al7475 (Al-Zn) metal alloy with 3 and 6 wt% of composites of B4C. The liquid metallurgical technique was used in this analysis for creating the Al7475 alloy with 3 and 6 wt% percentages of B4C particle composites. Additional techniques such as EDS/SEM were also employed in this analysis to determine the microstructural behaviour. ASTM Standards are followed to study the mechanical behaviour of Al7475 alloy with B4 C-reinforced composites. The incorporation of B4 C particles into Al7475 resulted in extreme characteristics in the field of the composite material thereby enhancing its maximum application. By combining different materials, the hardness and tensile strength of the composites improved. Tensile fractured surfaces indicated the brittle and ductile mode of fracture behaviour in the Al7075-B4 C composites. © 2024, Informatics Publishing Limited and Books and Journals Private Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Al7475 Alloy B<sub>4</sub>C Particles Fractography Hardness Tensile Strength

Informatics Publishing Limited and Books and Journals Private Ltd | EID: 2-s2.0-85205891903

SYNTHESIS OF A356 ALLOY-VARIABLE PARTICLE SIZED BORON CARBIDE COMPOSITES: INVESTIGATIONS ON MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR AND TENSILE FRACTOGRAPHY

2024

Ali Z.; Nagaral M.; Muthuraman V.; Auradi V.; Bharath V.; Kumar S.; Kumar R.; Majdi A.; Ali A.H.; Algburi S.

Applied Engineering Letters , Vol. 9 (3), pp. 162-171

5 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 24664677

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Navodaya Institute of Technology, Karnataka, Raichur, 584103, India; Aircraft Research and Design Centre, HAL, Karnataka, Bangalore, 560037, India; Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Karnataka, Tumkur, 572103, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, RNS Institute of Technology, Karnataka, Bangalore, 560098, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vivekananda Global University, Rajasthan, Jaipur, 303012, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh Engineering College, Punjab, Mohali, 140307, India; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Al-Bayan University, Baghdad, Iraq; Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk, 36015, Iraq

Lightweight metal matrix composites made of aluminium are now essential in several fields, including aerospace and automotive. An important factor determining the quality and properties of the composite material is the ease or difficulty of evenly dispersing the reinforcement throughout the matrix. The goal of this research is to find out the impact of 40 and 90 µm varying-sized boron carbide (B4C) particles in A356 alloy composites. Using the liquid stir casting technique and K2TiF6 as the wetting flux, A356 alloy with 9 wt.% of B4C composites were prepared. SEM and EDS images were used to study the material's microstructure. ASTM-approved methods were used to measure the material's mechanical properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed that B4C particles were evenly distributed throughout the A356 alloy. The addition of B4C reinforcement to the A356 alloy matrix increased the hardness, ultimate, yield, compression, and impact strength of composites with a reinforcement size of 40 μm. The hardness of A356 alloy was enhanced by 40.7% and 34.6%, respectively, when 9 wt. % of 40 and 90 μm B4C were added. Similarly, there was a 34% increase in ultimate strength and a 31% improvement in yield strength. Both cases showed a little decrease in the ductility of the composites. Scanning electron micrographs were used to examine the morphologies of tensile fractured surfaces. © 2024 by the authors.

Keywords: A356 alloy B4C particles Hardness Impact Strength Microstructure Tensile Properties

Serbian Academic Center | EID: 2-s2.0-85206949425

Enhancement of the structural behavior of elevated water tanks using X-plate dampers

2024

Raikar R.G.; Kangda M.Z.; Sathe S.; Khan M.A.; Asiri A.N.M.; Islam S.; Mohammed S.J.; Majdi A.

Journal of Constructional Steel Research , Vol. 221

5 citations Article English ISSN: 0143974X

Research Scholar, School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bangalore, 560064, India; Associate Professor REVA University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560064, India; Assistant Professor MIT World Peace University, Maharashtra, Pune, 411038, India; Department of Civil Engineering, Galgotias College of Engineering, Knowledge Park 11, Greater Noida, 201310, India; Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia; Dijlah University College, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq

This study aims at utilizing of X-plate dampers to effectively address vibrations and minimize the possible structural harm to water tank facilities, and also at utilizing a finite element methodology to simulate and analyze the structural reactions. A non-linear time history analysis is employed to assess the effectiveness of X-plate dampers when subjected to different blast-induced ground motions. The efficiency of dampers was evaluated by conducting a comparative analysis of liquid storage structures with and without dampers using 50 m3 and 1500 m3 tanks in empty and full conditions. X – plate dampers are installed in a variety of bracing schemes, such as diagonal, X, V, Inverted V, and K bracing subjected to underground blast loads to improve the resilience of the selected elevated water tanks. The results showed the X-bracing pattern is the most effective configuration for X-plate dampers in mitigating blast loads in a 50 m3 elevated tank without water, resulting in a reduction of displacement, shear force, and bending moment by 43%, 15%, and 22%, in case of elevated tank with water reduced by 39% 25% and 33% respectively. In 1500 m3 elevated tank without water, the K-bracing is determined to be the most effective type of bracing, reducing the displacement, shear force, and bending moment by 50%, 70%, and 70%, in case of elevated tank with water reduced by 53%, 52%, and 54% respectively. The current study makes a significant contribution to the field of structural engineering by providing useful insights into raised water tank construction. © 2024

Keywords: Blast induced ground acceleration Container hoop stresses and damper placement Elevated water tank X – Plate dampers

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 108886 | EID: 2-s2.0-85198301781

Modeling the effects of sidestreams recycling on wastewater treatment plant performance operated by anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A2/O) processes using GPS-X8 simulation

2024

Zwain H.M.; Faris A.M.; Hassan W.H.; Soomro S.-E.-E.; Majdi A.

Results in Engineering , Vol. 22

5 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 25901230

Water Resources Management Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, 51013, Iraq; Kerbala Sewerage Directorate, Kerbala, 56001, Iraq; College of Engineering, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Kerbala, 56001, Iraq; College of Engineering, University of Kerbala, Kerbala, 56001, Iraq; College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China; College of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Building and Construction Techniques Engineering Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq

The water separated by sludge treatment processes is known as the sidestreams, such as the centrate, underflow belt thickener, and supernatant gravity thickener. The sidestreams have significant amounts of contaminants, particularly nutrients, and are returned to the wastewater treatment plant head. Returning the sidestreams to the head of the plant causes both technical and financial problems. This paper models the effect of sidestreams on the treatment of mainstream in full-scale conventional activated sludge systems operated with anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A2/O). The effects of sidestreams nutrients and inert materials, the pollutants fate in the A2/O system, oxygen consumed, and energy required by sidestreams are modeled using GPS-X8 simulation. The results showed that the discharge ratio of the sidestreams to the mainstream is 4 %. The proportion of the pollutants present in the sidestream to the mainstream were 4.3 %, 4.7 %, 8.8 %, 21 %, 40 %, and 11 % for BOD, COD, TSS, NH4, PO4 and H2S, respectively. The GPS-X model showed that high orthophosphate and hydrogen sulfide concentrations were seen in the anaerobic zone. While all other pollutants begin to decay, phosphates and hydrogen sulfide gas also begin to decrease gradually in anoxic and oxic zones, noting the high concentrations of nitrates and sulfates in the oxic zone. An added 10 % of oxygen is needed for the sidestreams ammonia oxidation, which is more than the amount needed for the oxidation of BOD. The percentage of alkali used to improve the nitrification process due to the ammonia in the sidestreams was 30 % of the specified amount of ammonia in the mainstream. This study proved that the plant's sidestreams adversely increased oxygen, energy, and alkali consumption. © 2024 The Authors

Keywords: Anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A<sup>2</sup>/O) processes Environmental modeling GPS-X Sidestreams Wastewater treatment plants

Elsevier B.V. | Art. 102173 | EID: 2-s2.0-85191286630

Assessment of future trends and spatial orientation of groundwater resources as an essential climate variable in the Ganga basin

2024

Hasan M.S.U.; Rai A.K.; Fatma A.; Nawaz N.; Aldrees A.; Khan M.A.; Majdi A.

Groundwater for Sustainable Development , Vol. 26

5 citations Article English ISSN: 2352801X

Centre for Ocean, River, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India; Department of Civil Engineering, Aliah University, Kolkata, 700160, India; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj, 16273, Saudi Arabia; Department of Civil Engineering, Galgotias College of Engineering, Knowledge Park 11, Greater Noida, 201310, India; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hillah, Babylon, 51001, Iraq

The dynamic climatic conditions, and anthropogenic activities have a significant impact on the Ganga basin, which is crucial for sustaining the eco-hydrological processes within the agricultural landscape of northern India. Additionally, the Ganga basin represents one of the largest and most densely inhabited aquifer systems globally. Inadequate management practices of groundwater in the current context are likely to contribute to a shortage of food insecurity in the near future. The multi-point statistics using non-parametric test based on the well data point for the period of 1996–2016, were analysed and geoprocessed for the seasonal (pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon) trend of groundwater depth, fluctuation, and drought in the Ganga basin. The zonal statistical mean of groundwater depletion/loss were maximum observed in post-monsoon season (10 ± 21 cm/year), followed by pre-monsoon(9 ± 22 cm/year), and monsoon (9 ± 21 cm/year). The groundwater depth fluctuation trend magnitude in the Ganga basin ranges from −0.57 m/year to 0.85 m/year, having mean of −0.01 ± 0.07 m/year. The areal percentage of the Ganga basin showing the groundwater drought propagation regions for the pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon are found as 74.86%, 74.17%, and 78.52%, respectively. The severity of groundwater drought increased 22 times during pre-monsoon, 9 times in monsoon, and 7 times in the post-monsoon season from 1996 to 2016. The negative groundwater depth fluctuation leads to the groundwater mining at an alarming rate, and formation of dark zone. The decadal trend migration of the mean center shows high spatial variability based on the overexploitation of groundwater. The spatial mapping of declining depth, and increasing drought magnitude of groundwater leads to the groundwater scarcity in most of the regions, which could affect to achieve UN-SDG, Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) (2015–2030). © 2024 Elsevier B.V.

Keywords: Essential climate variable Ganga GIS Groundwater drought index Multi-point statistics

Elsevier B.V. | Art. 101201 | EID: 2-s2.0-85193790926

Air-Side Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Vortex Generators on Heat Transfer Surfaces- A Comprehensive Review

2024

Bansode V.H.; Verma M.; Naik C.K.; Pandhare A.; Anjinappa C.; Prakash C.; Mohammed S.J.; Majdi H.S.; Majdi A.

Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer Research , Vol. 11 (2), pp. 255-272

3 citations Article English ISSN: 23833068

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bhagwant University, Rajasthan, Ajmer, 305023, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, BGS College of Engineering and Technology, Bengaluru, 560086, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pune, 411041, India; Department of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, Bangalore Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, 560004, India; University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Punjab, Mohali, 140413, India; Department of Civil Engineering, Dijlah University College, Baghdad, 00964, Iraq; Department of Chemical Engineering, Petroleum Industries, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq

The main purpose of this article is to provide a critical analysis of published research on these heat transfer surfaces. Important experimental methods and numerical procedures are explained, and many types of vortex generators are described. The phenomenon of flow attributed to vortex generators mounted, connected, pierced, or placed inside surfaces that transmit heat was also examined. In addition, recommendations for applying vortex generator (VGs) technology to improve air-side heat transfer are provided, as well as information on the thermal performance of newly proposed VG heat transfer surfaces. The performance of air-side heating surfaces can often be significantly improved through the use of vortex generators. However, their effectiveness can be greatly affected by many factors, including fluid flow rate, pipe geometry (diameter, shape, pitch, in-line or staggered configuration), fin type, and geometry of the vortex generator (height, length, shape, angle of attack, etc.). Circular fin-tube heat exchangers generally perform worse in terms of thermal-hydraulic efficiency than flat-tube-fin and oval-tube-fin heat-exchanging devices, and more recently, suggested vortex generators. Most current heat exchanger optimization methods focus only on thermal-hydraulic performance. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer Research published by Semnan University Press.

Keywords: Heat exchange surface Pressure-drop penalty Thermal transfer enhancer Vortex generators

Semnan University, Center of Excellence in Nonlinear Analysis and Applications | EID: 2-s2.0-85206912622

A density functional theory study on the potential application of Ni and Co doped ZnO nanosheets as a carrier for ciclopirox anticancer drug

2024

Taha A.; Kadhim M.M.; Naser S.T.; Majdi A.; Abdullaha S.A.H.; Hachim S.K.; Abdulwahid Abdulhussain M.; Mahdi Rheima A.

Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering , Vol. 27 (6), pp. 765-774

3 citations Article English ISSN: 10255842

Pharmacy College, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Dentistry, Kut University College, Wasit, Kut, Iraq; College of Pharmacy, The University of Mashreq, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al- Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, Iraq; Dijlah University College, Baghdad, Iraq; College of technical engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq; Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Turath University College, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Pharmacy, Mazaya University College, Thi-Qar, Iraq; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq

The Ni and Co doping effect on the ciclopirox (CPX) drug delivery performance of a ZnO ‎nanosheet (ZnO-NS) was investigated theoretically. Doping Ni and Co metals into the ZnO-NS ‎increased the adsorption energy of CPX from −7.9 to −27.4 and −31.7 kcal/mol, respectively. ‎The CPX adsorption reduced the ZnO-NS gap (Eg) from 3.81 to 3.46 eV, while the CPX ‎adsorption reduced the Eg of the Ni- and Co-doped ZnO-NS from 2.74 and 2.68 eV to 1.87 and ‎‎1.71 eV, respectively. The CPX adsorption performance increased after doping process. A drug ‎release mechanism was introduced in cancerous tissues based on the PH.‎. © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Keywords: Adsorption ciclopirox drug density functional theory drug delivery molecular modeling ZnO nanosheet

Taylor and Francis Ltd. | EID: 2-s2.0-85173121524

Enhancing soot emission control and performance in biodiesel-powered diesel engine through Al2O3 nanoparticle

2024

Kapilan N.; Ashok Kumar K.; Buradi A.; Bora B.J.; Nirsanametla Y.; Majdi A.; Alsubih M.; Islam S.; Khan M.A.; Khan W.A.; Alqarni S.A.

International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies , Vol. 19, pp. 2638-2645

3 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 17481317

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, NITTE Campus, NITTE Meenakshi College Rd, BSF Campus, 6429, Yelahanka, Govindapura, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560064, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ramaiah Institute of Technology, MSRIT Post, M S Ramaiah Nagar, MSR Nagar, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560054, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Assam Energy Institute Sivasagar, Centre of Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, 2J9H+GGV, Palashani, Sivasagar, Matok Gohain, Assam, 785663, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh Engineering College, Chandigarh Group of Colleges-Jhanjeri, Landran, Mohali Kharar-Banur Highway, Sector-112, Punjab, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, 140307, India; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hillah, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Guraiger, Abha, 62521, Saudi Arabia; Department of Civil Engineering, Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Knowledge Park I, Uttar Pradesh, Greater Noida, 201310, India; School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Institute of Technology, Dire-Dawa University, Dire Dawa, 1362, Ethiopia; Department of Electrical Engineering, King Khalid University, Guraiger, Abha, 62521, Saudi Arabia

Interest in biodiesel as a diesel fuel substitute has increased due to the growing need for sustainable energy sources. The blends of biodiesel, such B20, have become more popular because they can lessen the need for fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions. The blends of biodiesel, however, may pose problems with emissions, performance, and combustion efficiency. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of blending ethanol (C2H6OH) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) into B20 biodiesel blend in order to improve engine performance. The study examines the effects of adding C2H6OH (5% of vol.) and Al2O3 (75 ppm) to the B20 biodiesel mix on its essential features and combustion. To fully assess the performance and emissions characteristics of the single cylinder diesel engine, experimental evaluations include a wide range of engine operating loads. The findings show that adding C2H6OH to the B20 blend increases its volatility and oxygen content, which promotes better ignition and combustion characteristics. Additionally, adding Al2O3 nanoparticles to the blend shows promise for improving combustion efficiency by enhancing fuel atomization and lowering soot emission. The synergy of adding both Al2O3 and C2H6OH to B20 significantly reduces CO, HC, and smoke levels of the diesel engine by 33.04, 28.13, and 12.88%, respectively. The results of this study offer important new information about how C2H6OH and Al2O3 additives might improve the B20 biodiesel blend’s emissions performance and combustion efficiency, increasing the fuel’s potential as a greener alternative for the transportation industry. © The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press.

Keywords: alternative fuel aluminium oxide biodiesel engine ethanol

Oxford University Press | EID: 2-s2.0-85209260009

Hybrid Electrocoagulation–Adsorption Process for Montelukast Sodium Removal from Water

2024

Mirkhalafi S.; Hashim K.S.; Al-Hashimi O.; Majdi A.

Clean Technologies , Vol. 6 (4), pp. 1537-1564

3 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 25718797

Faculty of Engineering and Technology, School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU), L3, Liverpool, 3AF, United Kingdom; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hillah, 51001, Iraq

This study addresses the significant environmental challenge of pharmaceutical pollutants by demonstrating the effectiveness of a hybrid electrocoagulation–adsorption (EC-A) technique for removing Montelukast Sodium (MS) from contaminated water. The research was conducted in three stages—adsorption, electrocoagulation, and adsorption using the residual water from the electrocoagulation process. The adsorbent materials were characterised using various analytical techniques: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) for determining the crystalline structure, Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) for elemental composition, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for identifying functional groups before and after interaction with the pollutants. The adsorption phase achieved optimal results at a pH of 3 and a contact time of 120 min, with a maximum removal efficiency of 99.5% for a starting MS concentration of 50 mg/L using Calcium Ferric Oxide–Silica Sand (CFO-SS) adsorbent. The electrocoagulation phase showed a 97% removal efficiency with a pH of 11, a current density of 20 mA, and a 5 mm electrode distance, achieved in just 20 min. Finally, the combined EC-A process, with the pH of residual water adjusted to 3, further enhanced the removal efficiency to 74%, highlighting the method’s potential for pharmaceutical contaminant removal. These findings underscore the potential of the EC-A technique as a highly effective and adaptable solution for mitigating pharmaceutical contaminants in water. © 2024 by the authors.

Keywords: adsorption electrocoagulation hybrid EC-A treatment montelukast sodium water treatment

Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) | EID: 2-s2.0-85213448566

Methylamine (CH3NH2) dehydrogenase by pristine BN nanotube for H2 storage application: A DFT study

2024

Anqi A.E.; Flores Tapia N.E.; Abbood N.K.; Chandra S.; Majdi A.; Jabbar K.A.; Rajhi A.A.; alawadi A.; Alsalamy A.

Computational and Theoretical Chemistry , Vol. 1231

2 citations Article English ISSN: 2210271X

Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia; Research and Development Directorate, Faculty of Sciences, Food and Biotechnology, Technical University of Ambato, Ambato, Ecuador; Basrah University for Oil and Gas, Oil and Gas Engineering College, Oil and Gas Engineering, Department, Iraq; Department of Electrical Engineering, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, India; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al- Mustaqbal University, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Engineering of Medical Devices College, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq; College of technical engineering, the Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq; College of technical engineering, Imam Ja'afar Al‐Sadiq University, Al‐Muthanna, 66002, Iraq

We undertook density functional theory (DFT) computations for inspecting the decomposition and adsorption of methylamine (MLA) onto the surface of a pure boron nitride nano-tube (BNNT). We also obtained the activation energies of viable elementary reactions and the adsorption energies of stable complexes. The most suitable reaction pathway which generated one hydrogen cyanide molecule as well as 4 hydrogen atoms was relatively endothermal. For MLA decomposition, the energy barrier was around 44.6 kcal/mol. Due to the fact that the activation energy for the side reaction which generated NH2 as well as CH3 was somewhat high, reducing the temperature could depress the generation of side products. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.

Keywords: Boron nitride nanotube Catalysis Decomposition Density functional theory Methylamine

Elsevier B.V. | Art. 114395 | EID: 2-s2.0-85178038286

Retraction notice to “Investigation of crotonaldehyde adsorption on pure and Pd-decorated GaN nanotubes: A density functional theory study” [Solid State Commun. 348–349, (2022) 114741] (Solid State Communications (2022) 348–349, (S0038109822000862), (10.1016/j.ssc.2022.114741))

2024

Jasim S.A.; Catalan Opulencia M.J.; Majdi A.; Yusupova D.Z.; Mustafa Y.F.; Hammid A.T.; Delir Kheirollahi Nezhad P.

Solid State Communications , Vol. 378

Erratum English ISSN: 00381098

Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Maarif University College, Al-Anbar-Ramadi, Iraq; College of Business Administration, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, Iraq; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases and Traumatology, Tashkent State Dental Institute, Makhtumkuli Street 103, Tashkent, 100047, Uzbekistan; Department of Scientific Affairs, Samarkand State Medical Institute, Amir Temur Street 18, Samarkand, Uzbekistan; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, 41001, Iraq; Computer Engineering Techniques Department, Faculty of Information Technology, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Chemistry, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. In investigating concerns brought up regarding the citations (and authorships within the article, the editor reached out to the authors for an explanation). Journal records indicated that the paper was submitted to the Journal by the last author only, while the remained author names were added at the revision stage without the exceptional approval of the handling Editor. None of the Authors Have Responded to the Editor's Queries. The Editor Therefore Feels that the Findings of the Manuscript Cannot Be Relied upon, and the Article Needs to Be Retracted. © 2023

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 115350 | EID: 2-s2.0-85178639319

Microstructure and Wear Behaviour Assessment of Different Micron-Sized B4 C Reinforced Al2021 Alloy Composites

2024

Abdulhadi A.M.; Namdev N.; Chandra T.S.; Chavan V.S.; Majdi A.; Mohammed S.J.; Raichur S.; Auradi V.; Manjunatha T.H.

Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels , Vol. 72 (4), pp. 357-368

Article Open Access English ISSN: 00222755

Department of Mathematics, Al-Safwa University, Baghdad, 56001, Iraq; Department of Mechanical Engineering, APS Polytechnic, Karnataka, Bangalore, 560082, India; Department of Science, APS Polytechnic, Karnataka, Bangalore, 560082, India; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, Dijlah University College, Baghdad, 56001, Iraq; Department of Mechanical Engineering, APS College of Engineering, Karnataka, Bangalore, 560082, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Karnataka, Tumakuru, 572103, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ballari Institute of Technology and Management, Karnataka, Ballari, 583104, India

This study examines the impact of the size and wt.% of reinforcement particles on the wear characteristics of Al2021 alloy composites. Composites of Al2021 reinforced with B4C particles of varied sizes (45 and 90 microns) were synthesised utilising a unique two-stage stir cast technique. The composites were primed with B4Cc content of 5 and 10 wt.%. The microstructural characterisation of Al2021 alloy with B4C composites of 45 and 90-micron sizes was conducted using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). In addition, wear and worn morphology tests were conducted to examine the impact of particle size on the behaviour of Al2021 alloy. Furthermore, another set of wear studies was conducted with the load maintained at 40N and the sliding speeds changed from 100 to 400 rpm. The microstructural analysis disclosed that the particles in the Al2021 alloy were evenly distributed, and the presence of elements was verified using EDS spectra. Using B4C particles of different sizes enhanced wear characteristics with resistance to wear. The load and the speed affected the wear behaviour of every prepared sample. The morphological analysis of the worn samples recognised multiple wear mechanisms. © 2024, Informatics Publishing Limited. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Al2021 Alloy Boron Carbide (B4C) Microstructure Wear Properties Worn Morphology

Informatics Publishing Limited | EID: 2-s2.0-85210563701

Retraction notice to “Fundamental green roof performance of residential building in desert climate: In terms of sustainability and decrease in energy consumption” [Sustain. Energy Technol. Assessments 53 (2022) 102574](S2213138822006245)(10.1016/j.seta.2022.102574)

2024

Yuan J.; Patra I.; Majdi A.; Dwijendra N.K.A.; Opulencia M.J.C.; Chetthamrongchai P.

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments , Vol. 67

Erratum English ISSN: 22131388

Hunan City University, China; Independent Researcher, NIT Durgapur, West Bengal, India; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al- Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University, Bali, 80361, Indonesia; Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. In investigating concerns brought up regarding the authorships within the article, the editor reached out to the authors for an explanation. The authors were unable to provide a reasonable explanation. The editor therefore feels that the findings of the manuscript cannot be relied upon, and the article needs to be retracted. © 2024

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 103829 | EID: 2-s2.0-85195497549

Corrigendum to “New optimized configuration for a hybrid PV/diesel/battery system based on coyote optimization algorithm: A case study for Hotan county” [Energy Rep. 8 (2022) 15480–15492, (S2352484722024453), (10.1016/j.egyr.2022.11.059)]

2024

Sari A.; Majdi A.; Opulencia M.J.C.; Timoshin A.; Huy D.T.N.; Trung N.D.; Alsaikhan F.; Hammid A.T.; Akhmedov A.

Energy Reports , Vol. 12, pp. e1

Erratum Open Access English ISSN: 23524847

Department of Management Information Systems, Girne American University, Kyrenia, North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, Turkey; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; College of Business Administration, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Department of Propaedeutics of Dental Diseases, Russian Federation; Banking University HCMC Ho Chi Minh city, Viet Nam; International University of Japan, Niigata, Japan; National Economics University (NEU), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia; Bilad Alrafidain University College, Diyala, 32001, Iraq; Department of Informatics and Teaching Methods, Tashkent State Pedagogical University named after Nizami, Bunyodkor street 27, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

The authors regret < Affiliations b: change to: Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al Mustaqbal University College, 51001 Hilla, Iraq Affiliations i: change to: Bilad Alrafidain University College, Diyala, 32001, Iraq> Affiliations j: change to: Teaching Assistant, Department of Informatics and Teaching Methods, Tashkent State Pedagogical University named after Nizami, Bunyodkor street 27, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.>. The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused. © 2022 The Author(s)

Elsevier Ltd | EID: 2-s2.0-85145998904

Optimization of the Cost of Repetitive Construction Projects Using Computerized Iteration Method

2024

Abdulhassan A.; Muter R.A.; Majdi A.; Abd Mosehab S.M.; Kareem F.H.; Al-Janabi I.M.K.

BIO Web of Conferences , Vol. 97

Conference paper Open Access English ISSN: 22731709

Al-Mustaqbal University, Babil, Hillah, 51001, Iraq

This study introduces an iterative scheduling method that combines two approaches for managing repetitive construction projects: the Critical Path Method (CPM) and the Repetitive Scheduling Method (RSM). The primary objective of this study is to demonstrate how optimization techniques can be applied to minimize the cost of construction projects within a defined range, spanning from the shortest to the longest possible project durations. In the shortest project duration (as determined by CPM), all activities are allocated idle times based on precedence constraints, while in the longest duration (as determined by RSM), there is no idle time allocated. To calculate the optimal schedule, a computerized iterative method specifically designed for this purpose considers all possible combinations of activities with and without idle time. The optimum schedule is the one that minimizes the total project cost. The study reveals that by using an Excel spreadsheet, it is feasible to deterministically optimize the cost of repetitive construction projects, achieving the minimum cost. This minimization process can also be implemented as a Python application. Notably, this proposed system provides multiple optimal solutions, enabling managers to select the most suitable one. This advantage distin-guishes it from conventional methods, such as genetic algorithms and other optimization techniques. However, there are some limitations when applying this application, one of which is the maximum capacity available to run the application. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

EDP Sciences | Art. 00025 | EID: 2-s2.0-85190591191

Corrigendum: The performance comparison of the decision tree models on the prediction of seismic gravelly soil liquefaction potential based on dynamic penetration test (Frontiers in Earth Science, (2023), 11, (1105610), 10.3389/feart.2023.1105610)

2024

Ahmad M.; Alsulami B.T.; Hakamy A.; Majdi A.; Alqurashi M.; Sabri Sabri M.M.; Al-Mansob R.A.; Bin Ibrahim M.R.

Frontiers in Earth Science , Vol. 12

Erratum Open Access English ISSN: 22966463

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, Malaysia; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar (Bannu Campus), Bannu, Pakistan; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Al-Hilla, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation; Department of Civil Engineering, Center for Transportation Research, Engineering Faculty, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

In the published article, the Funding statement was incorrect. The correct statement appears below. “This research was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation No. 22-79-10021, https://rscf.ru/project/22-79-10021/.” The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated. Copyright © 2024 Ahmad, Alsulami, Hakamy, Majdi, Alqurashi, Sabri Sabri, Al-Mansob and Bin Ibrahim.

Keywords: dynamic penetration test gravelly soil liquefaction logistic model tree random forest random tree reduced error pruning tree

Frontiers Media SA | Art. 1407592 | EID: 2-s2.0-85191982977

2023

54 papers

Effect of silica fume on the properties of sustainable cement concrete

2023

Hamada H.M.; Abed F.; Binti Katman H.Y.; Humada A.M.; Al Jawahery M.S.; Majdi A.; Yousif S.T.; Thomas B.S.

Journal of Materials Research and Technology , Vol. 24, pp. 8887-8908

171 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 22387854

Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI) and Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Putrajaya Campus, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Selangor, Kajang, 43000, Malaysia; College of Information Technology, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq; Highways and Bridges Eng. Dept., Technical College of Eng., Duhok Polytechnic University, Duhok, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Al Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Nawroz University, Kurdistan, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Calicut, Kerala, India

The disposal of hazardous waste materials in landfills and open areas creates a severe impact on the environment. Silica Fume (SF), a by-product from the ferrosilicon and silicon industry, is generated in high quantities. Recent studies have highlighted the advantages of reusing SF to produce high-strength concrete (HSC) and ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) instead of discarding it. This paper herein reviews the current research on SF in concrete and discusses the physical and chemical properties, mechanical properties, durability, and microstructure. Depending on the concentration of the SF, flexural, tensile, and compressive strength was positively influenced. Also, SF improved the pore size to increase drying shrinkage through the pozzolanic reaction. A few studies showed the disadvantages of SF exhibiting the negative impact on workability and shrinkage of concrete. The influence of SF on cement hydration products should be analyzed from the microstructure perspective. © 2023 The Author(s)

Keywords: Cement concrete Energy Hazardous materials Silica fume Ultra-high-performance concrete

Elsevier Editora Ltda | EID: 2-s2.0-85160452721

Recycling solid waste to produce eco-friendly ultra-high performance concrete: A review of durability, microstructure and environment characteristics

2023

Hamada H.M.; Shi J.; Abed F.; Al Jawahery M.S.; Majdi A.; Yousif S.T.

Science of the Total Environment , Vol. 876

113 citations Review English ISSN: 00489697

Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Construction Engineering and Projects Management, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Highways and Bridges Eng. Dept., Technical College of Eng., Duhok Polytechnic University, Duhok, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Al Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Nawroz University, Kurdistan, Iraq

Recycling waste materials (WMs) is a cost-effective method for saving natural resources, protecting the environment, and reducing the use of high-carbon raw materials. This review aims to illustrate the impact of solid waste on the durability and microstructure of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) and to provide guidance for the research of eco-friendly UHPC. The results show that the proper use of solid waste to replace part of the binder or aggregate has a positive effect on the performance development of UHPC, but further enhancement techniques should be developed. When solid waste is prepared as a binder, the durability of waste based UHPC can be effectively improved by grinding and activation. When solid waste is used as an aggregate, its rough surface, potential reactivity and internal curing effect are also beneficial to the improvement of UHPC performance. Since UHPC has a dense microstructure, it can effectively prevent the leaching of harmful elements (heavy metal ions) in solid waste. However, the effect of waste modification on the reaction products of UHPC needs to be further studied, and design methods and testing standards suitable for eco-friendly UHPCs should be developed. The use of solid waste in UHPC effectively reduces the carbon footprint of the mixture, which is beneficial to the development of cleaner production technologies. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.

Keywords: Durability Eco-friendly Microstructure Ultra-high performance concrete Waste materials

Elsevier B.V. | Art. 162804 | EID: 2-s2.0-85150299678

Increasing the productivity of modified cords pyramid solar still using electric heater and various wick materials

2023

Abdullah A.S.; Alawee W.H.; Mohammed S.A.; Majdi A.; Omara Z.M.; Essa F.A.

Process Safety and Environmental Protection , Vol. 169, pp. 169-176

102 citations Article English ISSN: 09575820

Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia; Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, 31734, Egypt; Control and Systems Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq; Energy and Renewable Energies Technology Research Center, University of Technology, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Technologies Engineering, Al, Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt

One of the problems that the world is increasingly facing day by day is the problem of lack of potable water. Solar stills are one of the ideal solutions for places far from urbanization and unprepared civilly. The main aim of this present study is to investigate the effect of utilizing various burlap wicks of jute cloth, cotton cloth, plush cloth, and silk cloth on the performance of cords pyramidal solar still (CPSS). In addition, three electric heaters that derive their energy from a solar panel were used to raise the water temperature of pyramidal solar still basin to improve its productivity. The experimental tests were performed under the environment of Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt. Results revealed that CPSS had a total yield of 8000 mL/m².day compared to 3550 mL/m².day for PSS. So, the incremental improvement of CPSS yield was 125 % rather than that of the PSS. In addition, the highest values for the increase in productivity were for the distiller CPSS supplied with jute (125 %), then cotton (115 %), then plush (88 %), then silk (60 %), respectively. Also, the daily yields of CPSS with heaters and PSS were 10750 and 3650 mL/m².day, respectively with a productivity improvement of 195 %. Besides, the CPSS with jute wick and electric heaters had a thermal efficacy of 63.5 %. While, the CPSS with jute wick and electric heaters has an exergy efficiency of 6.1 %. © 2022 The Institution of Chemical Engineers

Keywords: Cotton wick Heater Jute cloth Pyramid solar still Wick

Institution of Chemical Engineers | EID: 2-s2.0-85141958765

Application of natural fibres in cement concrete: A critical review

2023

Hamada H.M.; Shi J.; Al Jawahery M.S.; Majdi A.; Yousif S.T.; Kaplan G.

Materials Today Communications , Vol. 35

96 citations Article English ISSN: 23524928

Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Construction Engineering and Projects Management, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Highways and Bridges Eng. Dept., Technical College of Eng., Duhok Polytechnic University, Duhok, Iraq; Department of building and construction techniques, Al Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Civil engineering department, College of engineering, Nawroz University, Kurdistan, Iraq; Atatürk University, Civil Engineering Department, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey

Sustainability of building materials is a growing concern, and the use of natural fibres (NFs) is one way to develop alternative low-cost renewable raw materials. The excellent performance of NF can be discovered in cement-based materials made by these fibres to reduce the warning of environmental threats. NFs play a crucial role in reinforcing the mechanical behavior of cement concrete, especially the tensile and flexural strengths. The important disadvantages of NF are relatively high moisture absorption and hydrophilic behavior, resulting to reduced bonding between the concrete matrix and fibres and thus effect the overall performance of concrete material. The use of physical and chemical treatments can enhance the aging resistance of NF in cement components due to a decrease in water absorption or an increase in surface roughness. Meanwhile, optimizing the binder components and curing regimes can reduce the alkalinity of the cement mixture, thereby delaying the degradation rate of NF. Due to the porous nature and weak interface of NF, it tends to increase the permeability of concrete materials and reduce their durability. Using NF to produce fabric or extract cellulose nanocrystal or cellulose nanofibre may be an effective enhancement method. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

Keywords: Cement Concrete Mechanical properties Natural fibre Sustainable

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 105833 | EID: 2-s2.0-85150415996

Utilizing a single slope solar still with copper heating coil, external condenser, phase change material, along with internal and external reflectors — Experimental study

2023

Abdullah A.S.; Alawee W.H.; Mohammed S.A.; Majdi A.; Omara Z.M.; Younes M.M.

Journal of Energy Storage , Vol. 63

96 citations Article English ISSN: 2352152X

Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia; Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, 31734, Egypt; Control and Systems Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq; Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Technologies Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt; Production Engineering and Printing Technology Department, Akhbar El Yom Academy, Giza, Egypt

The increasing growth of industrialization and population has led to a global shortage of drinkable water, which has compelled scientists to find another approach for supplying this necessity. Solar stills are solar- driven devices that can produce drinkable water, however their production isn't high. An experimental investigation has been conducted using a modified solar still (MSS) and a conventional solar still (CSS). The MSS has been experimented by employing a copper water heating coil, internal reflector, external reflectors, Nano-phase change material (PCM-Ag), and an external condenser. Five sets of experiments comparing MSS and CSS performance were conducted in the same climate. The rise in productivity/thermal efficiency for MSS (heating coil), MSS-R, MSS-R-EC and MSS-R-PCM are 76 %/45.4 %, 134 %/54.1 %, 191 %/62 % and 175 %/60.2 %, respectively. The effect of integrating external reflectors (top and bottom) enhanced the productivity of MSS with internal reflector by about 42 %. Additionally, using an external condenser enhanced MSS-R production by roughly 57 % when compared to the situation without one. Finally, using PCM boosted MSS-R productivity by around 41 % over the case without PCM. Economic analysis was also considered. The price of the produced freshwater from the CSS, MSS-R, and MSS-R-EC, MSS-R-PCM are 0.029, 0.018, 0.018, and 0.024 $/L, respectively. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

Keywords: Copper heating coil Desalination External condenser Phase change material Reflectors Solar still

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 106899 | EID: 2-s2.0-85149416600

Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete: A Compressive Review on Durability Aspects

2023

Al-Kharabsheh B.N.; Arbili M.M.; Majdi A.; Alogla S.M.; Hakamy A.; Ahmad J.; Deifalla A.F.

Materials , Vol. 16 (1)

57 citations Review Open Access English ISSN: 19961944

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Albayt University, Mafraq, 25113, Jordan; Department of Technical Civil Engineering, Erbil Technical Engineering College, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, 44001, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia; Department of Civil Engineering, Military College of Engineering, Sub Campus of National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan; Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, 11845, Egypt

The creation of sustainable composites reinforced with natural fibers has recently drawn the interest of both industrial and academics. Basalt fiber (BF) stands out as the most intriguing among the natural fibers that may be utilized as reinforcement due to their characteristics. Numerous academics have conducted many tests on the strength, durability, temperature, and microstructure characteristics of concrete reinforced with BF and have found promising results. However, because the information is dispersed, readers find it problematic to assess the advantages of BF reinforced concrete, which limits its applications. Therefore, a condensed study that provides the reader with an easy route and summarizes all pertinent information is needed. The purpose of this paper (Part II) is to undertake a compressive assessment of basalt fiber reinforced concrete’s durability features. The results show that adding BF significantly increased concrete durability. The review also identifies a research deficiency that must be addressed before BF is used in practice. © 2023 by the authors.

Keywords: basalt fibers scan electronic microscopy shrinkage thermal properties

MDPI | Art. 429 | EID: 2-s2.0-85145778507

Effect of Volcanic Ash and Natural Pozzolana on mechanical properties of sustainable cement concrete: A comprehensive review

2023

Hamada H.M.; Abed F.; Beddu S.; Humada A.M.; Majdi A.

Case Studies in Construction Materials , Vol. 19

54 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 22145095

Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Selangor, Kajang, 43000, Malaysia; College of Information Technology, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of building and construction techniques, Al Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq

Environmental degradation is on the rise due to escalating pollution caused by raw material depletion and the increasing demand for concrete products. Consequently, researchers and scientists have dedicated significant efforts towards developing sustainable, eco-friendly concrete using renewable materials. Among these materials, Volcanic Ash (VA) and other Natural Pozzolana (NP) types have emerged as promising Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs). VA and NP types play a crucial role in reducing costs, energy consumption, and environmental impacts associated with cement production. Thus, it is imperative to investigate the characteristics of VA and NP and their influence on the performance of concrete and cement mortar. This paper presents a comprehensive review of previous studies examining the effect of VA and other NP types on the mechanical properties of concrete while evaluating their chemical, physical, and microstructure characteristics. The findings from these studies indicate that the properties of concrete primarily depend on the characteristics and quantities of NP employed. Notably, silica dioxide (SiO2) comprises the predominant component in VA compositions. In most cases, an increase in VA and NP content within concrete mixtures leads to a reduction in strength. Finally, recommendations and suggestions for future research are provided to enhance concrete properties and achieve the development of sustainable construction materials. © 2023 The Authors

Keywords: Concrete Energy Environmental Natural pozzolana Sustainability Volcanic ash

Elsevier Ltd | Art. e02425 | EID: 2-s2.0-85169501315

Effect of recycled seashells on concrete properties: A comprehensive review of the recent studies

2023

Hamada H.M.; Abed F.; Tayeh B.; Al Jawahery M.S.; Majdi A.; Yousif S.T.

Construction and Building Materials , Vol. 376

50 citations Review English ISSN: 09500618

Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Construction Engineering and Projects Management, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine; Highways and Bridges Eng. Dept, Technical College of Eng, Duhok Polytechnic University, Duhok, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Al Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Nawroz University, Kurdistan, Iraq

Population increase and building construction negatively affect the environment by generating high carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations. Meanwhile, the depletion of normal concrete materials, which are essential for construction, requires urgent solutions. Researchers have attempted to obtain suitable sustainable materials to replace traditional concrete materials. Seashells are one such material, as they can be used as cement at different replacement levels during sustainable concrete production. Consequently, reduced cement production can lower environmental pollution and save natural resources from depletion. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of different types of seashells as partial replacements of cement on concrete properties. Then, the physical properties, chemical composition and mechanical and durability properties of seashell-based concrete are determined. The results obtained by previous studies indicate that adding seashells to concrete mixtures can decrease the compressive strength of concrete, especially at the early curing age. High-particle size seashells reduce the flexural and tensile strengths of cement, whereas fine-particle size seashells increase flexural and tensile strengths owing to the good bonding between aggregates and the binder matrix. The porosity and absorption of concrete at low-replacement levels are lower than those of the control concrete sample. The workability of concrete decreases with increasing seashell content. Therefore, seashells can potentially be used as renewable and sustainable concrete materials, especially for materials with low replacement levels. This study recommends adopting new treatment methods of using seashells in high amounts to replace cement materials, thereby contributing to the reduced release of CO2 emissions. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

Keywords: CO<sub>2</sub> Concrete Environment Mechanical and durability properties Seashell Sustainable

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 131036 | EID: 2-s2.0-85150253917

RC beams strengthened in shear with FRP-Reinforced UHPC overlay: An experimental and numerical study

2023

Nadir W.; Kadhimi M.M.A.; Jawdhari A.; Fam A.; Majdi A.

Structures , Vol. 53, pp. 693-715

48 citations Article English ISSN: 23520124

College of Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, 51013, Iraq; College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Hilla, 51002, Iraq; Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Purdue University Northwest, Hammond, 46383, IN, United States; Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, K7L 3N6, ON, Canada; Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq

In this study, a hybrid strengthening technique consisting of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) overlay reinforced by fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bars is proposed to strengthen reinforced concrete (RC) beams in shear. Eleven beams, five of which are physical samples tested under static load, and the other six are virtual ones derived from a robust finite element (FE) analysis, are used to assess the effectiveness of this retrofitting technique. Several parameters are examined, namely overlay thickness, overlay configuration (continuous vs. discontinuous), FRP reinforcement ratio in the overlay, and type of FRP rebar (Glass-FRP vs. Carbon-FRP). Results showed that the system was very effective in increasing the beam capacity (Pu) and altering the failure mode from shear to flexure. Increasing the overlay thickness (toverlay) from 0 to 30 mm for plain and FRP-reinforced overlays results in a significant increase in Pu of 76–117%, compared to the control beam. Using discontinuous UHPC strips, although does not alter the shear failure, results in 89% increase in Pu. Reinforcing the overlay with GFRP and CFRP bars results in reducing the overlay thickness needed to shift the failure mode from shear to flexure. The energy absorption index, which is a measure of ductility, of the strengthened specimens was 4.0 to 6.9 times that of the control beam. FRP bars resulted in 11–25% increase in energy absorption compared to plain overlays, with GFRP showing more ductility than CFRP. An analytical procedure is also included and used to predict Pu from modifying existing code equations to include the contribution of UHPC overlay to shear. © 2023 Institution of Structural Engineers

Keywords: Concrete Finite element Overlay Shear Strengthening Ultra-high performance concrete

Elsevier Ltd | EID: 2-s2.0-85158047245

Improving the engineering properties of sustainable recycled aggregate concrete modified with metakaolin

2023

Elhadi K.M.; Ali T.; Qureshi M.Z.; Anwar N.; Zaid O.; Majdi A.; Qaisar M.; khan A.

Case Studies in Construction Materials , Vol. 19

43 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 22145095

Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia; Department of Civil Engineering, Swedish College of Engineering and Technology, Wah, 47070, Pakistan; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan

This study investigates the potential of metakaolin as a mineral admixture to enhance the performance of concrete mixtures with varying proportions of recycled aggregates (RA). Sixteen distinct concrete combinations were formulated by substituting natural aggregates (NA) with RA at 0 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 % and incorporating metakaolin at 0 %, 5 %, 10 %, and 15 % as a replacement for cement. Experimental investigations were conducted to evaluate the effects of metakaolin (as a cement replacement) and RA (as a replacement for NA) on key concrete characteristics, including density, water absorption, compressive and tensile strength, and acid resistance. The results revealed that an increase in RA reduced mechanical properties, such as compressive strength, tensile strength, and dry density. Additionally, RA-based concrete mixtures exhibited higher water absorption and void volume than those with natural aggregates. However, including metakaolin in RA-based concrete significantly reduced the void volume and water absorption. The optimal proportion of metakaolin substitution was 15 %, resulting in the best overall performance for RA-based concrete mixtures. Notably, the highest compressive and splitting tensile strength (41.6 MPa and 4.3 MPa, respectively) were observed at 90 days in mixtures with 0 % RA and 15 % metakaolin. Similarly, the highest hardened density and lowest water absorption (2494.7 kg/m3 and 4.7 %, respectively) were recorded in samples with 0 % RA and 15 % metakaolin. Furthermore, concrete mixes containing 15 % metakaolin and 50 % RA demonstrated comparable qualities to conventional concrete, indicating that sustainable concrete can be produced by utilizing a significant quantity of waste concrete (15 % metakaolin and 50 % RA) without compromising strength criteria. This study sheds light on the potential of incorporating metakaolin and recycled aggregates as environmentally friendly alternatives in the construction industry, contributing to sustainable and eco-conscious practices. © 2023 The Authors

Keywords: Density Flexure Strength Metakaolin Recycled Aggregate Water Absorption

Elsevier Ltd | Art. e02430 | EID: 2-s2.0-85169501431

Effect of fly ash and waste glass powder as a fractional substitute on the performance of natural fibers reinforced concrete

2023

Althoey F.; Zaid O.; Majdi A.; Alsharari F.; Alsulamy S.; Arbili M.M.

Ain Shams Engineering Journal , Vol. 14 (12)

42 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 20904479

Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia; Department of Civil Engineering, Swedish College of Engineering and Technology, Wah Cantt, 47070, Pakistan; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, Jouf University, Jouf, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia; Department of Architecture and Planning, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia; Department of Technical Civil Engineering, Erbil Technical Engineering College, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, 44001, Iraq

Stockpiling and landfilling of waste glass (WG) is becoming a severe environmental issue around the World as hundreds of tons of WG are dumped on the land. The present research assesses the behavior of WG in a concrete mixture as a partial replacement of sand to attain the optimal percentage of waste glass. Due to the production of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), the natural reserves of limestone are depleting fast, and the production of OPC also leads to a high proportion of carbon dioxide (CO2), so it is essential to utilize industrial by-products such as fly ash (FA) to replace cement partially. In the current study, the WG is used as a fractional substitute of sand in different proportions (14 %, 15 %, 16 %, 17 %, 18 %, 19 %, 20 %), with 20 % FA as a replacement for OPC, with 2.5 % coconut fibers (CFs) to improve the flexural strength of concrete. Engineering properties such as compressive and flexural strength, water permeability, sorptivity, density, voids ratio, resistance against fire, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra were assessed. The outcomes showed that the M4 mixture (WG16-FA20-CFs2.5) had the utmost optimal performance, as 15.8 % and 9.57 % compression strength and flexural strength were improved at the curing of 90 days. During exposure of samples to fire, concrete with 16 % WG lost only 38.7 %, 44.2 % mass and compressive strength at 600 °C, which was the most lowered among other mixtures. Because of the utilization of FA, the concrete's matrix gets denser, leading to improved water-related characteristics of concrete. It was observed that adding more than 16 %, WG led to reduced strength and durability properties of concrete. The current research confirmed that the 16 % WG, 20 % FA, and 2.5 % CFs could be replaced in concrete to produce improved, eco-friendly concrete. © 2023 THE AUTHORS

Keywords: Coconut fibers Fly ash FTIR Strength properties Waste glass

Ain Shams University | Art. 102247 | EID: 2-s2.0-85151910864

Potential features of building information modelling for application of project management knowledge areas as advances modeling tools

2023

Chen S.; Zeng Y.; Majdi A.; Salameh A.A.; Alkhalifah T.; Alturise F.; Ali H.E.

Advances in Engineering Software , Vol. 176

39 citations Article English ISSN: 09659978

School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Vocational Institute of Engineering, Chongqing, 402260, China; School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Chongqing Institute of Engineering, Chongqing, 400900, China; Department of Building and Construction Technologies Engineering, Al- Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Department of Management Information Systems, College of Business Administration, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 165 Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; Department of Computer, College of Science and Arts in Ar Rass, Qassim University, Qassim, Ar Rass, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia

The Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry plays a vital role in infrastructure development and improves the socioeconomic status through employment opportunities and contributions to the gross domestic progress (GDP) of countries. Poor management causes a waste of time, money, and materials. The implementation of a suitable BIM design might aid the user in avoiding errors, speeding up and reducing the cost of the construction process. Nonetheless, there are serious shortcomings in BIM design that are inherent to project management, such as the preparation of a building execution technology project, the process of existing standards and collecting information in the building's exploitation period, and analysis of the existing situation and preparation of a building investment project. Knowledge and building information modeling technologies provide several roles and chances for achieving project objectives in a more efficient and effective manner, influencing the construction project management process. The objectives of this research are to analyze a real-life situation of using project management knowledge areas (PMKA) in the construction industry sector and the benefits and drawbacks of utilizing BIM technology as a tool to improve the use of PMKAs. The research investigates how the BIM approach may be used for project management and how knowledge could be gathered to create a BIM model, as well as the benefits of BIM-based sustainability, cost estimation, scheduling, and structural analysis within the context of PM. The main goal of this research is to find out how these techniques affect the efficiency of managing construction projects. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd

Keywords: BIM Case studies Cost Knowledge areas Project management Sustainability

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 103372 | EID: 2-s2.0-85144069544

Experimental study on RC beams strengthened in flexure with CFRP-Reinforced UHPC overlays

2023

Kadhim M.M.A.; Jawdhari A.; Nadir W.; Majdi A.

Engineering Structures , Vol. 285

36 citations Article English ISSN: 01410296

College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Hilla, 51002, Iraq; Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Purdue University- Northwest, Hammond, 46383, IN, United States; College of Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, 51013, Iraq; Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq

An emerging retrofit technique for bridge decks and other structural members includes attaching field-cast or prefabricated overlays made of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). Several studies investigating plain and steel-reinforced UHPC overlays identified two common problems, large thickness leading to high costs and additional dead loads, and localized overlay cracks. To overcome these issues, this work suggests reinforcing the UHPC overlay with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars. In this study, an experimental campaign is leveraged to evaluate the behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened in flexure with CFRP-reinforced UHPC overlays. Six beams were tested, including a control, two strengthened with plain overlays with an overlay thickness (t) of 30 or 50 mm, and three strengthened with reinforced overlays using the same two t values above and CFRP reinforcement ratio (ρf-uhp) of 2.1 %, 3.1 %, and 3.9 %. Using plain overlays resulted in an insignificant 8–11 % increase in ultimate load (Pu), with failure being dominated by localized cracking. Beams strengthened with CFRP-reinforced overlays failed in shear, mainly through the concrete beam. For these beams, Pu increased significantly by 179 % to 183 % compared to the control sample, and by 157 % to 159 % compared to plain overlays with same t value. Insignificant behavioral change occurred when varying ρf-uhp from 2.1 % to 3.1 %, likely because the examined ratios are within the optimal ratio which needs to be examined in future research. The CFRP reinforcement also led to significant increase in ductility, 2.34 to 2.63 times that of the control beam. An analytical model was also included and used to predict Pu of strengthened specimens, yielding good match with test results. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

Keywords: Concrete Flexure FRP Overlay Strengthening UHPC Ultra-high performance concrete

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 116066 | EID: 2-s2.0-85151468621

Recycling solid waste to produce eco-friendly foamed concrete: A comprehensive review of approaches

2023

Hamada H.M.; Shi J.; Abed F.; Humada A.M.; Majdi A.

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering , Vol. 11 (6)

36 citations Review English ISSN: 22133437

Civil Engineering Department, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; College of Information Technology, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Building and construction techniques, Al Mustaqbal University College, 51001 Hilla, Babylon, Iraq

Because of the global warming issue, stakeholders in the construction sector are searching for a suitable alternative to traditional concrete owing to its undesired properties like thermal conductivity and high dead load. ‎The emerging trend is the adoption of ‎foamed concrete (FC) because it has a high ‎strength ‎compared to its lightweight and low density, which varies between 300 and 1800 ‎kg/m3. These properties reduce the overall production cost, including ‎transportation and ‎labor costs. Moreover, the high porosity of FC significantly decreases the ‎thermal insulation, ‎producing a suitable ‎structure ‎for different weathering ‎conditions‎. This paper reviews the properties and ‎applications of eco-friendly FC, discussing its components as well as waste materials; different ‎fresh properties, such as stability and workability; and hardened properties, such as ‎compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths. Furthermore, practical features such as durability, fire resistance, ‎thermal conductivity, microstructure, and sustainability of FC are explored to better appreciate the mutable features that support a superior comfortable atmosphere for whole climatic situations. This review concludes by shedding light on some future ‎recommendations to encourage the applications of waste materials in FC in different ‎construction fields.‎ © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

Keywords: Compressive strength Durability Foamed concrete Insulation materials Thermal conductivity

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 111353 | EID: 2-s2.0-85176213674

Modified endurance time method for seismic performance assessment of base-isolated structures

2023

Sadeghi Movahhed A.; Shirkhani A.; Zardari S.; Mashayekhi M.; Noroozinejad Farsangi E.; Majdi A.

Journal of Building Engineering , Vol. 67

23 citations Article English ISSN: 23527102

Department of Civil Engineering, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran; Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Civil Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Civil and Surveying Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq

Endurance time (ET) method is a novel Time History Analysis‏ ‏(THA) approach in which structures are subjected to a set of intensifying excitations called endurance time excitation functions (ETEF). Although ‏various studies show ‏the efficiency of the ET method for the seismic evaluation of fixed base structures, this method has been less employed in isolated structures. The lack of coverage of high-intensity measures by existing ETEFs is the major obstacle to adopting the ET method in high-period structures such as isolated structures. It must be noted that high-intensity measures that are associated with large earthquakes are of paramount importance in performance assessment. This paper introduced a novel method called the modified endurance time (MET) method based on scaling existing ETEFs to alleviate this problem. By averaging multiple scaled ETEFs, the accuracy of the ET method is improved. Three steel structures with a different number of stories (6, 9, and 12), including Intermediate Moment Frames (IMFs), mounted on Triple Friction Pendulum Isolators (TFPIs) are considered to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method. These structures are analyzed under ETEFs with intensity multipliers 1 to 4 for three seismic hazard levels with return periods of 72, 475, and 2475 years. The effect of changing parameters such as isolator damping and period is also investigated on the results. The seismic responses obtained from the Endurance Time Analysis (ETA) are compared with the responses obtained from the nonlinear THA and pushover analysis. Results show that increasing the intensity multiplier of ETEFs can greatly improve the accuracy of results. However, it should be careful in the procedure of selecting the appropriate intensity multiplier. Because of the unbalanced changes in some ETEFs parameters such as PGV/PGA, the accuracy of results may also reduce by increasing the intensity multiplier. Therefore, the use of different combinations of results, obtained from several intensity multipliers, is investigated and proposed to reduce the error in results. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

Keywords: Base isolation system Endurance time excitation functions Endurance time method Modified endurance time method Nonlinear time history analysis Seismic resilience

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 105955 | EID: 2-s2.0-85147246415

Application of nano remediation of mine polluted in acid mine drainage water using machine learning model

2023

Ji M.; Li B.; Majdi A.; Alkhalifah T.; Alturise F.; Ali H.E.

Chemosphere , Vol. 311

21 citations Article English ISSN: 00456535

Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-route Project of South-North Water Diversion of Henan Province, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China; College of Water Resource and Environment Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China; International Center for Ecology and Sustainability, University of California, Riverside, 17619 Glen Hollow Way, Riverside, 92504, CA, United States; Department of Building and Construction Technologies Engineering, Al- Mustaqbal University College, 51001 Babylon, Iraq; Department of Computer, College of Science and Arts in Ar Rass, Qassim University, Ar Rass, Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Advanced Functional Materials & Optoelectronic Laboratory (AFMOL), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is the term used to describe drainage from coal mines with high sulfur-bearing rocks. The oxidative weathering of metal sulfides leads to AMD. The acidic environment corrodes more harmful compounds in the soil, which is spread throughout the working area. One such significant metal is copper, which is extracted in massive quantities from ores rich in sulfide. A copper-extraction resin might be created by combining diatomaceous earth (DE) particles with polyethyleneimine (PEI), which is shown to have great selectivity and affinity for copper. In this effort, PEI-DE particles’ copper absorption level was examined by using synthetic and actual acid mine drainage samples at varied pH values. The findings of the copper uptake particles have been examined through the Support Vector Machine (SVM) model. Using the n-fold 14 cross-validation approach, the quantities of parameters and C are estimated to be 0.001 and 0.01, respectively. The SVM analysis was correct, and the findings indicated that copper could bind to the material efficiently and preferentially at pH 4. Subsequent water elution studies at a pH value of 1 confirmed the pH-reliant interaction between dissolved Cu and PEI by demonstrating full release of the adsorbed Cu. In this research, the copper absorption of PEI-DE particles from synthetic and genuine AMD specimens was studied based on several pH conditions. The findings suggest that copper may attach to the material effectively and preferentially at pH 4. Studies of filtering water at pH1 later confirmed that all of the adsorbed Cu was released. This shows that the interaction between PEI and dissolved Cu depends on PH. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd

Keywords: Acid mine drainage (AND) Artificial intelligence Coal mines Copper Diatomaceous earth (DE) Polyethyleneimine particles (PEI) Support vector machine (SVM) Water

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 136926 | EID: 2-s2.0-85141979755

The durability of concrete produced from pozzolan materials as a partially cement replacement: A comprehensive review

2023

Hamada H.M.; Abdulhaleem K.N.; Majdi A.; Al Jawahery M.S.; Skariah Thomas B.; Yousif S.T.

Materials Today: Proceedings

20 citations Article English ISSN: 22147853

Faculty civil engineering, University Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia; Department of Construction Engineering and Projects Management, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq; Department of building and construction techniques, Al Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Highways and Bridges Eng. Dept., Technical College of Eng., Duhok Polytechnic University, Duhok, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kerala, Calicut, 673601, India; Civil engineering department, College of engineering, Nawroz University, Kurdistan, Iraq

Recently, the construction industry used innovative, cost-ecofriendly, and efficient materials in infrastructure development to mitigate the negative impact on the environment due to manufacturing Ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Many efforts have been conducted to improve sustainable materials to be used as cementitious material in pozzolanic materials such as fly ash (FA), slag, metakaolin (MK), rice husk ash (RHA), palm oil fuel ash (POFA), silica fume (SF), etc. Therefore, this paper introduced to review the results from previous studies that investigated the influence of waste materials with high pozzolanic materials on the numerous durability properties. The results show many advantages due to using those pozzolanic materials as partial cement replacements for the environment, saving energy and cost, and improving durability. Ground quartz and SF have the highest silica oxide (SiO2) content, it was recorded as higher than 90%, producing more pozzolanic activity than other waste materials. The resistance of the concrete containing POFA against acid and sulfate attacks increased when increasing POFA fineness. Besides, sorptivity values were reduced importantly for the blended concrete samples, the addition of 55% FA in binary blended concrete considerably reduced sorptivity of cement concretes. In addition to that, these pozzolanic materials improved other concrete properties. This paper can be a good base for researchers and construction players to adopt waste materials in improving the durability of concrete. Lastly, numerous possible studies were recommended for future studies. © 2024

Keywords: Durability Environment Ordinary Portland Cement Pozzolanic Materials Sustainable Materials

Elsevier Ltd | EID: 2-s2.0-85151475581

On the Influence of Unexpected Earthquake Severity and Dampers Placement on Isolated Structures Subjected to Pounding Using the Modified Endurance Time Method

2023

Majdi A.; Sadeghi-Movahhed A.; Mashayekhi M.; Zardari S.; Benjeddou O.; De Domenico D.

Buildings , Vol. 13 (5)

18 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 20755309

Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, 5381637181, Iran; Department of Civil Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, 1996715433, Iran; Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul, 34959, Turkey; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia; Department of Engineering, University of Messina, Messina, 98166, Italy

The aim of this study is to investigate the performance of isolated structures by considering the possibility of impact under severe earthquakes. In the design of isolated structures, the required displacement capacity is determined based on the considered earthquake hazard level. However, there is a possibility of an impact caused by moat walls or adjacent structures under severe earthquakes. Dampers are used in this study to improve the performance of structural and nonstructural components. In this regard, three isolated structures (6, 9, and 12 stories) equipped with Triple Friction Pendulum Isolator (TFPI) are designed under earthquake hazard levels of BSE-1 with return periods of 475 years. Based on the different positions of these three structures relative to each other, four scenarios are defined to investigate the effect of impact. Modified endurance time (MET) method, as a cost-efficient nonlinear time history analysis method, is employed for structural evaluation under variable earthquake hazard levels. The placement of dampers is also taken into account in evaluating the effect of dampers. Therefore, the structures have been retrofitted once by adding damping and stiffness devices (ADAS) on the stories and once by adding fluid viscous dampers (FVD) at the isolated level. Results indicate that structures might collapse under earthquake hazard levels of BSE-2 with return periods of 2475 years. This matter is influenced by the adjacency of two isolated structures next to each other, and the severity of this fact depends on the height of the structures and the displacement capacity of the isolators so that the tall, isolated structures have decreased the performance of the adjacent shorter isolated structure. Moreover, the placement of dampers has a significant influence on the performance of structural and nonstructural components, depending on the reason for the impact. © 2023 by the authors.

Keywords: adding damping and stiffness devices (ADAS) base isolation endurance time analysis fluid viscous damper (FVD) impact seismic resilience

MDPI | Art. 1278 | EID: 2-s2.0-85160594415

Predicting California bearing ratio of HARHA-treated expansive soils using Gaussian process regression

2023

Ahmad M.; Al-Zubi M.A.; Kubińska-Jabcoń E.; Majdi A.; Al-Mansob R.A.; Sabri M.M.S.; Ali E.; Naji J.A.; Elnaggar A.Y.; Zamin B.

Scientific Reports , Vol. 13 (1)

18 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 20452322

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Selangor, Jalan Gombak, 50728, Malaysia; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar (Bannu Campus), Bannu, 28100, Pakistan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hijjawai Faculty for Engineering, Yarmouk University, Irbid, 21163, Jordan; Faculty of Management, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, 30-067, Poland; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251, Russian Federation; Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt; Department of Civil Engineering, Al-Baha University, P. O. Box 1988, Al-Baha, 65527, Saudi Arabia; Department of Food Nutrition Science, College of Science, Taif University, P. O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia; Department of Civil Engineering, CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan

The California bearing ratio (CBR) is one of the basic subgrade strength characterization properties in road pavement design for evaluating the bearing capacity of pavement subgrade materials. In this research, a new model based on the Gaussian process regression (GPR) computing technique was trained and developed to predict CBR value of hydrated lime-activated rice husk ash (HARHA) treated soil. An experimental database containing 121 data points have been used. The dataset contains input parameters namely HARHA—a hybrid geometrical binder, liquid limit, plastic limit, plastic index, optimum moisture content, activity and maximum dry density while the output parameter for the model is CBR. The performance of the GPR model is assessed using statistical parameters, including the coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE), and performance indicator (ρ). The obtained results through GPR model yield higher accuracy as compare to recently establish artificial neural network (ANN) and gene expression programming (GEP) models in the literature. The analysis of the R2 together with MAE, RMSE, RRMSE, and ρ values for the CBR demonstrates that the GPR achieved a better prediction performance in training phase with (R2 = 0.9999, MAE = 0.0920, RMSE = 0.13907, RRMSE = 0.0078 and ρ = 0.00391) succeeded by the ANN model with (R2 = 0.9998, MAE = 0.0962, RMSE = 4.98, RRMSE = 0.20, and ρ = 0.100) and GEP model with (R2 = 0.9972, MAE = 0.5, RMSE = 4.94, RRMSE = 0.202, and ρ = 0.101). Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis result shows that HARHA was the key parameter affecting the CBR. © 2023, Springer Nature Limited.

Nature Research | Art. 13593 | EID: 2-s2.0-85168452264

Application of B3O3 monolayer as an electrical sensor for detection of formaldehyde gas: A DFT study

2023

Kadhim M.M.; Sadoon N.; Gheni H.A.; Hachim S.K.; Majdi A.; Abdullaha S.A.H.; Rheima A.M.

Computational and Theoretical Chemistry , Vol. 1219

17 citations Article English ISSN: 2210271X

Department of Dentistry, Kut University College, Wasit, Kut, 52001, Iraq; Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, 10022, Iraq; College of Pharmacy, The University of Mashreq, Baghdad, 10021, Iraq; College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq; Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Turath University College, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al- Mustaqbal University, College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Dijlah University College, Baghdad, 10022, Iraq; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq

Level of economic development of countries in post-epidemic years has been significantly improved by the rapid recovery of trade and industry. Nevertheless, main issue of harmful gas emissions has been refocused. The first point to overcome this challenge is to employ proper approaches for convenient, accurate, and real-time monitoring of harmful gases. In present work, B3O3 monolayer gas sensor has been offered for monitoring harmful formaldehyde (HCHO) gas based on first-principles DFT computations. The negative adsorption energy (Eads) values of HCHO/B3O3 complex indicates that adsorption of HCHO on B3O3 monolayer is a exothermic process and energetically desirable. Findings reveal considerable alterations in electronic attributes as well as adsorption for HCHO gas on B3O3 surface and density of states. The recovery time of B3O3 sensor for HCHO molecule detection is estimated to be 5.31 × 10−8 s, suggesting that regeneration of sensor is fast at ambient temperature. Hence, B3O3 is a potent candidate for HCHO molecule detection and will promote experimentalists to design an efficient gas sensor. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.

Keywords: Adsorption energy B<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub> monolayer Formaldehyde Recovery time Sensor

Elsevier B.V. | Art. 113941 | EID: 2-s2.0-85145587724

Achieving better thermo-enviro-economic performances of modified cords pyramid distiller with various arrangements of baffles, reflectors, and vapor extraction

2023

Essa F.A.; Alawee W.H.; Abdullah A.S.; Mohammed S.A.; Majdi A.; Omara Z.M.

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry , Vol. 148 (24), pp. 13895-13912

16 citations Article English ISSN: 13886150

Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt; Control and Systems Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 11942, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, 31521, Egypt; Energy and Renewable Energies Technology Research Center, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Technologies Engineering, Al- Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq

The shortage of safe drinking water is among the issues that the globe is experiencing more and more. One of the best options for remote locations lacking in civilian infrastructure is solar stills. The primary goal of the current study was to determine how using different designs of longitudinal and square baffles in the basin of the cords pyramid solar still (CPSS) affects its performance with and without silver nanoparticles. In addition, raising the levels of evaporation and condensation was achieved by introducing reflectors and vapor extraction with CPSS. Also, the thermo-enviro-economic analyses were tested to obtain the profitability of the proposed system. The results reported that the distillation of CPSS with lined baffles (CPSS-LB) and PSS was 9150 and 3500 mL m−2 day, correspondingly, with improvement of 162%. Moreover, the distillation of CPSS with square baffles (CPSS-SB) was 193% greater than PSS, with the aggregated distillation of CPSS-SB and PSS being 9800 and 3350 mL m−2 day, accordingly. Also, utilizing reflectors with CPSS-SB increased the output over the PSS by almost 233% (3600 mL m−2 day for PSS versus 12,000 mL m−2 day for CPSS-SB), while the fan and reflectors increased production of CPSS by roughly 257% (3550 mL m−2 day for PSS and 12,650 mL m−2 day for CPSS with fan and reflectors). Besides, the CPSS-SB with Ag increased productivity over PSS by 274% (3200 mL m−2 day for PSS vs 11,970 mL m−2 day for CPSS-SB with Ag). Moreover, with the use of Ag nanoparticles, the productivity increase of CPSS with reflectors and fan was 274%, with a thermal efficiency of approximately 68.8% at 25 cords, while with 35 cords, with the use of Ag nanoparticles, the productivity increase of CPSS with reflectors and fan was 282% (3100 mL m−2 day for PSS and 11,850 mL m−2 day for CPSS), with a thermal efficiency of approximately 70%. For PSS and CPSS-SB-Ag, the reported expenses of the treated water were 0.0141 and 0.01 $L−1, correspondingly. The environmental parameter of CPSS-SB-Ag was annual CO2 emissions of 28.7 tons. Additionally, the enviroeconomic parameter (Z′) for CPSS and CPSS-SB-Ag was 370 and 420 per year for 340 operating days and two decades, respectively. © 2023, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary.

Keywords: Ag nanoparticles Baffles Pyramid solar distiller Reflectors Vapor extraction Wick

Springer Science and Business Media B.V. | EID: 2-s2.0-85175850264

Comparing and Investigating the Effect of Functional Groups of Nano-Graphene Oxide (NGO) on Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Oil Using Density Function Theory

2023

Abdullaev S.S.; Pallathadka H.; Majdi A.; Xie S.; Muda I.; Radhy AL Kubaisy M.M.; Al-Majdi K.; Altimari U.S.; Alhani I.; Mahmood Saleh M.; Patra I.

Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds , Vol. 43 (9), pp. 8096-8109

16 citations Article English ISSN: 10406638

Department of Organic Chemistry, Andijan Machine-Building Institute, Andijan, Uzbekistan; Manipur International University, Imphal, India; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, Iraq; International College, Krirk University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Doctoral Program, Faculty Economic and Business, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia; University of Mashreq, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ashur University College, Baghdad, Iraq; Al-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq; Engineering Department, Mazaya University College, Dhi Qar, Iraq; Department of Biophysics, College of Applied Sciences, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq; NIT Durgapur, Durgapur, India

In this study, the mechanism of biodiesel production from jatropha oil and methanol is investigated in the presence of nano-graphene oxide (NGO) with carboxy, hydroxy, and epoxy functional groups. This heterogeneous nano-catalyst can be included in the group of heterogeneous basic and acidic catalysts in biodiesel production. At first, optimized and simulated all geometric structures of jatropha oil (C57H104O6), methanol, biodiesel, and glycerin. Due to its double bond in Jatropha oil, it has two configurations of cis and trans. The obtained results show that the trans configuration is more stable when in proximity to the nano-catalyst. The structural and thermodynamic parameters were obtained and evaluated for the approach and interaction of jatropha oil with methanol on carboxy, hydroxy, and epoxy functional groups and converted to biodiesel by the DFT calculation method. Graphene oxide nano-catalysts have separation potential, reuse and removing neutralization and washing steps, reducing the amount of waste produced and most importantly reduction of cost. Among the functional groups on the edge of NGO, the hydroxy group has performed better than the carboxy functional group in terms of reaction speed and biodiesel production. Although the carboxy functional group is resistant to free fatty acids (FFAs) and water and can perform both transesterification and esterification reactions at the same time, their reaction time is much longer than the hydroxy functional group. At the same time, during electron exchange, the absorption energy of biodiesel production on the hydroxy functional group (k = 2.04 × 1011 h−1) is less than other functional groups of NGO. © 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Keywords: Biodiesel esterification and DFT method Jatropha oil methanol nano-graphene oxide

Taylor and Francis Ltd. | EID: 2-s2.0-85142279180

Quantum capacitance of iron metal doped boron carbide monolayer-based for supercapacitors electrodes: A DFT study

2023

Majdi A.; Kadhim Wadday A.; Sabri Abbas Z.; Kadhim M.M.; Mahdi Rheima A.; barzan M.; Haitham Al-attia L.; Hachim S.K.; Abdul Hadi M.

Inorganic Chemistry Communications , Vol. 150

16 citations Article English ISSN: 13877003

Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Ministry of Education, Directorate of Education Thi-Qar, 64001, Iraq; Optometry Department, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar 64001, Iraq; The University of Mashreq, Research Center, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Dentistry, Kut University College, Wasit, Kut, 52001, Iraq; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Pharmacy, Mazaya University College, Thi-Qar, Iraq; College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq; Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Turath University College, Baghdad, Iraq; Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, 10022, Iraq

In the last decades, many research studies have been carried out into carbon-based nanostructures as electrode materials for supercapacitors. The current research study introduced a new carbon-based electrode by using a two-dimensional (2D) Fe-doped boron carbide monolayer (FBC3ML). The capacitance, electronic, energy and structural properties of the FBC3ML were investigated by performing first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The results demonstrated that the formation energies of FBC3ML are low, which indicate its easy experimental synthesis. Interestingly, due to the shift in the Fermi level to the conduction/valence bands, Fe-doping changed the FBC3ML from a semi-conductor into a metal. By calculating the quantum capacitance of the FBC3ML, it was found that its capacitance reached 150.09 μF/cm2, which substantially outperformed other 2D carbon-based electrodes. The FBC3ML with tunable electronic properties and high specific surface area can be regarded as a promising candidate for energy storage devices and supercapacitors. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.

Keywords: Boron carbide monolayer Energy storage Fe-doped Fermi level Super-capacitors

Elsevier B.V. | Art. 110480 | EID: 2-s2.0-85148360075

Parametric investigation of continuous beams strengthened with near surface mounted FRP bars

2023

M. A. Kadhim M.; Jawdhari A.; Altaee M.M.; Majdi A.; Fam A.

Engineering Structures , Vol. 293

16 citations Article English ISSN: 01410296

Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007, SD, United States; Environmental Research and Studies Centre, University of Babylon, Hilla, Iraq; Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, K7L 3N6, ON, Canada

This study evaluates the near surface mounted fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement technique for strengthening continuous reinforced concrete beams. A three-dimensional finite element model was developed and validated with a recent experimental study. The model incorporates robust features, including concrete nonlinear behavior, debonding and slipping of FRP bars, and various failures. It was able to capture the ultimate load (Pu) with maximum deviation of 7%, beam's load–deflection curves, load–strain responses in rebar and concrete, and various failure modes. A parametric study was conducted and showed that failure mode changes from concrete shear to FRP bar debonding at concrete compressive strength fc’of 20–30 MPa, with a 26–52% increase in Pu relative to the un-strengthened beam. Varying the hogging/sagging FRP reinforcement ratio (ρh/ρs) from zero to 2.0 results in a 39% increase in Pu and a change of failure mode. A value of 1.5 is recommended for ρh/ρs. Also, the synergistic effects of NSM FRP and internal steel reinforcements were studied. An FRP bar length in the hogging and sagging zones of 80% the beam span was found to be sufficient to mitigate debonding and thus is recommended. Pu did not vary significantly with the span ratio for two-span continuous beams. A design expression for the debonding strain in FRP bars based on the American Concrete Institute design guide was assessed and a further refined model is developed. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

Keywords: Concrete Continuous beam Debonding Fiber reinforced polymer Finite element FRP Near surface mounted

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 116619 | EID: 2-s2.0-85166023646

Evaluation of the role perfect and defect boron nitride monolayer in calcium ion batteries as a anode

2023

Hadi M.A.; Kadhim M.M.; Al-Azawi I.I.K.; Abdullaha S.A.H.; Majdi A.; Hachim S.K.; Rheima A.M.

Computational and Theoretical Chemistry , Vol. 1219

16 citations Article English ISSN: 2210271X

Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, 10022, Iraq; Department of Dentistry, Kut University College, Wasit, Kut, 52001, Iraq; College of Pharmacy, The University of Mashreq, Baghdad, 10021, Iraq; Dijlah University College, Baghdad, 10022, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, Iraq; College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq; Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Turath University College, Iraq, Baghdad College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq

In present work, anode materials of pristine boron nitride (BN) and its Stone-Wales defect (SW-BN) nanosheets have been studied for calcium ion batteries (CIBs), which include related cell voltage and theoretical capacity attributes, structural geometry variations, and Ca diffusion. Compared with the BN monolayer, Stone-Wales BN has superior conductivity as well as Ca adsorption properties. The more rapid mobility of Ca ion in SW-BN two-dimensional nanosheet is proved by lower diffusion barriers values (0.11 eV). Moreover, SW-BN has a proper open-circuit voltage (OCV) range to be employed as anode materials. The Highest theoretical capacity value of SW-BN could attain to 1162.66 mAh/g, which is about triple more than pristine BN (345 mAh/g). Therefore, anodes constructed by SW-BN nanosheets can be an appropriate option for CIBs. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.

Keywords: Anode materials Boron nitride Calcium ion batteries Cell voltage Stone-Wales defect

Elsevier B.V. | Art. 113940 | EID: 2-s2.0-85149834778

Energy and Exergy Analysis of the Impact of Renewable Energy with Combined Solid Oxide Fuel Cell and Micro-Gas Turbine on Poly-Generation Smart-Grids

2023

Chen T.-C.; Kumar T.C.A.; Dwijendra N.K.A.; Majdi A.; Asary A.R.; Iswanto A.H.; Khan I.; Madsen D.Ø.; Alayi R.

Water (Switzerland) , Vol. 15 (6)

15 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 20734441

College of Management and Design, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 243303, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vignan’s Foundation for Science Technology and Research, Guntur, 522213, India; Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University, Bali, 80361, Indonesia; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Energy Science and Engineering Department, University of Naples, Napoli, Parthenope, 80138, Italy; Faculty of Health Science, University of Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta, Jakarta, 12450, Indonesia; Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, P.O. Box 814, Peshawar, Pakistan; USN School of Business, University of South-Eastern Norway, Hønefoss, 3511, Norway; Department of Mechanics, Germi Branch, Islamic Azad University, Germi, 1477893855, Iran

In this study, the thermodynamic performance of a combined gas turbine system equipped with a tubular solid oxide fuel cell and hydrogen fuel was investigated. All components of the system were separately modeled using thermodynamic relations. The simulation results showed that the efficiency of the combined system decreased with an increase in the turbine inlet temperature, whereas the power of the system increased. In addition, increasing the temperature entering the turbine and increasing the pressure ratio increased the production entropy and, as a result, increased the irreversibility of the system. The results of the research at the design point showed that 65% of the irreversibility of the system was caused by the combustion chamber and fuel cell (35% of the amount of entropy produced, the contribution of the combustion chamber, and 30% of the contribution of the solid oxide fuel cell) and 19% was due to the contribution of the heat exchanger. In addition, the combined system has an efficiency of 9.81%, while the system without a fuel cell has an efficiency of 33.4%, which shows the extraordinary performance of the combined system. © 2023 by the authors.

Keywords: efficiency gas turbine production entropy solid oxide fuel cell

MDPI | Art. 1069 | EID: 2-s2.0-85151699114

Desalination of pigment industry wastewater by reverse osmosis using OPM-K membrane

2023

Gubari M.Q.; Zwain H.M.; Hassan W.H.; Vakili M.; Majdi A.

Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Vol. 8

14 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 26660164

Department of Fuel and Energy Engineering Technologies, Technical College Kirkuk, Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq; College of Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University, Al-Qasim Province, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; College of Engineering, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Kerbala, 56001, Iraq; College of Engineering, University of Kerbala, Kerbala, 56001, Iraq; ORLEN UniCRE, a.s, Revoluční 1521/84, Ústí nad Labem, 400 01, Czech Republic; Building and Construction Techniques Engineering Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Babylon, 51001, Iraq

Pigment production plants are among the most polluting industries due to their high-water consumption and complex releases. The current work investigates the removal efficiency of sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium acetate (C2H3NaO2), and acetic acid (CH3COOH), and also the permeate flux of a small-batch OPM-K membrane using reverse osmosis (RO) pilot plant at various concentrations and pressures. At 0.034 M and applied pressure of 30 bar, the results showed that the maximum sodium chloride removal and permeate flow were 93.4% and 8.3 × 10−6 m/s, respectively. When the feed concentration was increased to 0.17 M, the maximum removal efficiency and permeate flow were 88.5% and 4.7 × 10−6 m/s, respectively. In addition, acetic acid has a minimum removal efficiency of 76.2% at 0.062 M and 20 bar applied pressure, while sodium acetate has a minimum permeate flow of 2.8 × 10−6 at 0.061 M and 20 bar. To conclude, the results proved RO membrane's high removal efficiency and permeate flux at low salt concentrations. It should also be noted that RO would be more suitable for the retention of NaCl, C2H3NaO2, and CH3COOH, the three components with the highest concentration in wastewater discharged from pigment production plants. © 2023 The Authors

Keywords: Desalination Membrane Permeate flux Pigment production plant Reverse osmosis (RO)

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 100401 | EID: 2-s2.0-85161973407

Optimization of liquid nitrogen dosage to cool concrete made with hybrid blends of nanosilica and fly ash using response surface method

2023

Harith I.K.; Hassan M.S.; Hasan S.S.; Majdi A.

Innovative Infrastructure Solutions , Vol. 8 (5)

13 citations Article English ISSN: 23644176

Hydraulic Structures Department, College of Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University, Babil, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, 10066, Iraq; Intelligent Medical Systems Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Babil, 51001, Iraq

Hot weather concreting is one of the most challenging problems that face concrete placement, due to thermal cracking and durability problems. Multiple methods have been used to control and reduce the placement temperature of fresh concrete. This study focused on the cooling effects of liquid nitrogen (LN) on hardened concrete properties, including compressive strength and water absorption. The study followed the design of experiments (DoE) approach to test 15 concrete mixtures based on the response surface method (RSM). Three variables were fly ash (up to 25%), nanosilica (up to 4%) and LN (up to 276 L/m3). Numerical optimization was implemented to achieve an optimum percentage of liquid nitrogen, fly ash and nanosilica to produce a nanosilica-modified concrete mixture with maximum compressive strength and minimum water absorption. The derived statistical model could accurately simulate the studied variables and the attained responses. Using 276 L/m3 of LN, 112.5 kg/m3 of fly ash and 7.66 kg/m3 of nanosilica in the mixture can be considered as the most appropriate amount to be employed in concretes produced under hot weather, satisfying the limit values of compressive strength and water absorption. The predicted optimized value of 28-day compressive strength and optimized value of water absorption were 39.67 MPa and 3.196, respectively, while the experimental values of them were 40.98 MPa and 3.089, respectively. This means only a 3.302 and 3.348% variation between the predicted and experimental. The overall findings recommend that cooling concrete mixtures by LN, especially with blended binders, can attain balanced and superior performance in terms of hardened and durability properties. © 2023, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Keywords: Central composite design Desirability Liquid nitrogen Optimization Response surface method

Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH | Art. 138 | EID: 2-s2.0-85153053610

An integrated GIS-based multivariate adaptive regression splines-cat swarm optimization for improving the accuracy of wildfire susceptibility mapping

2023

Hai T.; Sayed B.T.; Majdi A.; Zhou J.; Sagban R.; Band S.S.; Mosavi A.

Geocarto International , Vol. 38 (1)

13 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 10106049

School of Computer and Information, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Intelligent Optimization of Guizhou, Duyun, Guizhou, China; Institute for Big Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence (IBDAAI), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Shah Alam, Malaysia; Department of Computer Science, Dhofar University, Salalah, Oman; Department of Building and Construction Technologies Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, Iraq; Department of Computer Technology Engineering, Technical Engineering College, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq; Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Douliou, Taiwan; John von Neumann Faculty of Informatics, Obuda University, Budapest, Hungary; German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Oldenburg, Germany; Institute of the Information Society, University of Public Service, Budapest, Hungary

A hybrid machine learning method is proposed for wildfire susceptibility mapping. For modeling a geographical information system (GIS) database including 11 influencing factors and 262 fire locations from 2013 to 2018 is used for developing an integrated multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS). The cat swarm optimization (CSO) algorithm tunes the parameters of the MARS in order to generate accurate susceptibility maps. From the Pearson correlation results, it is observed that land use, temperature, and slope angle have strong correlation with the fire severity. The results demonstrate that the prediction capability of the MARS-CSO model outperforms model tree, reduced error pruning tree and MARS. The resulting wildfire risk map using MARS-CSO reveals that 20% of the study areas is categorized in the very low wildfire risk class, whereas 40% is under the very high class of fire hazard. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Keywords: artificial intelligence cat swarm optimization geospatial machine learning natural hazard Wildfire susceptibility

Taylor and Francis Ltd. | Art. 2167005 | EID: 2-s2.0-85147182880

Upgrading the MBBR Process to Reduce Excess Sludge Production in Activated Sludge System Treating Sewage

2023

Khudhair D.N.; Hosseinzadeh M.; Zwain H.M.; Siadatmousavi S.M.; Majdi A.; Mojiri A.

Water (Switzerland) , Vol. 15 (3)

10 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 20734441

School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Narmak, 1684613114, Iran; College of Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University, Al-Qasim Province, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Building and Construction Techniques Engineering Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, 739-8725, Japan

Excess sludge production is one of the limitations of the biological activated sludge process. Therefore, the study’s objective is to upgrade the MBBR process to an integrated fixed film-activated sludge (IFAS) process to reduce excess sludge production. Two scenarios were followed in this study to eliminate sludge production in the biological activated sludge process: first, modifying the moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) system by increasing the solid retention time (SRT) from 5 to 15 days; and second, upgrading the MBBR process to the integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) process by applying return activated sludge (RAS) of 50, 100 and 150% with operating hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6, 12, 14 and 20 h. The results revealed that the first scenario reduced sludge production from 750 to 150 g/day, whereas the second scenario eliminated sludge generation. In the second scenario, operating the system as an IFAS process with complete SRT has eliminated sludge due to sludge decay and cell lysis. In part 3 of the second scenario, the results also showed that the system achieved low effluent pollutants concentrations of 3, 12, 8 and 45 mg/L for BOD, COD, TSS and NO3, respectively. Operating at complete SRT may eliminate sludge production but also result in higher NO3 effluent concentration due to the production of NH3 from sludge decay and cell lysis. To conclude, sludge elimination in an activated sludge system is possible by carefully controlling the process and applying RAS without additional treatment. © 2023 by the authors.

Keywords: activated sludge process IFAS MBBR return activated sludge sludge reduction solid retention time

MDPI | Art. 408 | EID: 2-s2.0-85147793849

Integrating WQI and GIS to assess water quality in Shatt Al-Hillah River, Iraq using physicochemical and heavy metal elements

2023

Chabuk A.; Jahad U.A.; Majdi A.; Majdi H.S.; Hadi A.A.; Hadi H.; Al-Ansari N.; Isam M.

Applied Water Science , Vol. 13 (7)

10 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 21905487

Department of Environment Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Head of Faculty, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, 971 87, Sweden; Research and Studies Unit, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq

This study assessed the quality of water in the Shatt Al-Hillah River by adopting some variables of physical, chemical, and heavy metal elements. The samples have been taken at six sites along the river in 2020 (from January to December). The water quality index has been determined by using the weighted-arithmetic method which is including a series of equations. Also, the model of Inverse-Distance-Weighting in the Geographic information system was applied to create a map of the water quality in the study area. Eleven physicochemical variables and five elements of heavy metals were comprised of calcium, magnesium, dissolved oxygen, Hydrogen Ions, chloride, sulfate, total hardness, total dissolved solids, turbidity, alkalinity, electric conductivity, cadmium, copper, iron, lead, and zinc. The results showed the values of the water quality index ranged from 245 to 253 (with a category of 200–300). The water quality index was rated as very poor for the selected locations along the Shatt Al-Hillah River. The GIS result illustrated the distributing map of water quality for the Shatt Al-Hillah River for household uses. The combination of the water quality index calculations with GIS in the current study might be used as a guide for future studies. © 2023, The Author(s).

Keywords: Drinking uses GIS-Map Metals Physical and chemical elements Shatt Al-Hillah River Water quality index

Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH | Art. 147 | EID: 2-s2.0-85161391414

Estimating of gases emission from waste sites to generate electrical energy as a case study at Al-Hillah City in Iraq

2023

Chabuk A.; Jahad U.A.; Majdi A.; Majdi H.S.H.; Isam M.; Al-Ansari N.; Laue J.

Scientific Reports , Vol. 13 (1)

10 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 20452322

Department of Environment Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Head of Faculty, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Research and Studies Unit, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, 971 87, Sweden

Methane (CH4) is a greenhouse gas resulting from human activities, especially landfills, and it has many potential environmental issues, such as its major role in global warming. On the other hand, methane can be converted to liquid fuel or electricity using chemical conversion or gas turbine generators. Therefore, reusing such gases could be of great environmental and economic benefit. In this context, this study aims to estimate the emissions of methane gas from the landfills in Al-Hillah City, Iraq, from 2023 to 2070 and the producible electric energy from this amount. The estimating process was carried out using the Land GEM model and compared with traditional models. The obtained results demonstrated that the total estimated landfill methane emissions for 48 years are 875,217 tons, and the average annual methane emission is 18,234 tons based on a yearly waste accumulation rate of 1,046,413 tons and a total waste amount of 50,227,808 tons. The anticipated loads of methane gas can be utilized to generate about 287,442 MW/year of electricity from 2023 to 2070. In conclusion, the results obtained from this study could be evidence of the potential environmental and economic benefits of harvesting and reusing methane gas from landfills. © 2023, Springer Nature Limited.

Nature Research | Art. 15193 | EID: 2-s2.0-85171332369

Effect of wastewater as sustainable concrete material on concrete performance: A critical review

2023

Hamada H.M.; Abdulhaleem K.N.; Majdi A.; Al Jawahery M.S.; Skariah Thomas B.; Yousif S.T.

Materials Today: Proceedings

9 citations Article English ISSN: 22147853

Faculty civil engineering, University Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia; Department of Construction Engineering and Projects Management, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq; Department of building and construction techniques, Al Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Highways and Bridges Eng. Dept., Technical College of Eng., Duhok Polytechnic University, Duhok, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kerala, Calicut, 673601, India; Civil engineering department, College of engineering, Nawroz University, Kurdistan, Iraq

A massive amount of water has been consumed to produce concrete. The lack of sufficient water for drinking and other essential processes reduces the quantity of water that should be delivered to the people because of the high water consumption by concrete production. All the waste from commercial buildings, households, institutions, and hospitals are known as wastewater. Generally, the water demand is anticipated to increase considerably in the near future. Energy and industry production are expected to witness essential rises in water demand. The enormous quantities of water and generating large quantities of various wastewater from different treatment processes led to exploring different ideas to overcome these issues. One of these ideas is the utilization of wastewater in the construction industry, particularly in concrete mixtures and curing. In the literature, a lack of sufficient studies is obtainable for concrete production from wastewater. This study reviews the chemical composition and physical properties of wastewater and the durability properties of concrete. The treated wastewater from sewage treatment plants (STP) is utilized acceptably for particular utilization. Using treated effluent (TE) in concrete improves cement paste's setting time and compressive strength more than drinking water. The concrete samples containing wastewater recorded 7%–27% lower porosity than control concrete because of the hydration process of cement with time, in addition to the pozzolan reactions. In terms of rapid chloride penetration examination, the authors detected that the samples containing wastewater recorded higher Coulomb charges than that of the control concrete sample without wastewater at 28 curing days because of the high chloride ions in wastewater than that of tap water. The chloride ion penetration increased due to an increase in the domestic wastewater content. Consequently, there is a critical need to improve various processes to adopt and use wastewater in concrete mixtures. This study recommends using a high volume of wastewater to get sustainable concrete with high performance. © 2023

Keywords: Compressive Strength Concrete Mechanical and Durability Sustainable Concrete Wastewater

Elsevier Ltd | EID: 2-s2.0-85150248418

Design a promising non-precious electro-catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells

2023

Sivaraman R.; Opulencia M.J.C.; Majdi A.; Patra I.; Kadhem Abid M.; Hammid A.T.; Derakhshandeh M.

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy , Vol. 48 (16), pp. 6308-6316

9 citations Retracted English ISSN: 03603199

Department of Mathematics, Dwaraka Doss Goverdhan Doss Vaishnav College, Arumbakkam, University of Madras, Chennai, India; College of Business Administration, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Iraq; Independent Researcher, PhD from NIT Durgapur, West Bengal, India; Department of Anesthesia, College of Health & Medical Technology, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq; Computer Engineering Techniques Department, Faculty of Information Technology, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Mahshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahshahr, Iran

We utilized quantum-chemical computations for computing the thermodynamic variations in the Gibbs free energy of the potential reaction steps in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of the nickel- and nitrogen-doped graphene (NiN3-Gr) catalyst's active center. We observed the consistency of the energies of adsorption for all O-containing intermediates. The great thermodynamic driving forces (or motives) for reducing OOH into 2OH∗ or O∗ and the minor motives for generating H2O2 show the advantageousness of following a 4-electron pathway compared to a 2-electron one. This reaction's rate-determining step has 0.94 eV energy barrier that is associated with the first H2O molecule formation. According to the thermodynamics results, at lower than 0.51 V electrode potential by the 4e− pathway, the elementary steps of ORR are downhill. The last step, which is the OH reduction into H2O with the largest value of ΔG, acts as the 4e− pathway's thermodynamic RDS. Experimental scientists can use the theoretical results achieved in the current study in order to synthesize and select appropriate combinations of NiN3-Gr for applications in fuel cells. © 2022 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC

Keywords: Fuel cells Oxygen reduction reaction Pathway's Potential reaction Thermodynamics

Elsevier Ltd | EID: 2-s2.0-85132373506

Effect of Recycled Aggregate Concrete and Steel Fibers on the Fresh Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete

2023

Mohammed V.R.; Abdulhaleem K.N.; Hamada H.M.; Humada A.M.; Majdi A.

E3S Web of Conferences , Vol. 427

9 citations Conference paper Open Access English ISSN: 25550403

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Information Technology, Imam Ja’afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Al Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, Babylon, Iraq

Globally, the amount of solid waste is constantly increasing, and its disposal is one of the critical issues in recent research studies. Concrete waste includes the rubble of demolished buildings, whether old buildings or those that have been subjected to earthquakes, etc. This research project aims to improve sustainability in the construction industry by recycling and reusing coarse aggregate that was previously used in concrete buildings. The objective is to utilize this recycled material to produce self-compacting concrete (SCC) and assess its performance in its fresh state. By finding new ways to repurpose materials that would otherwise go to waste, this research contributes to developing environmentally friendly practices and reducing the industry's carbon footprint. Furthermore, evaluating the performance of the recycled coarse aggregate in SCC will provide insights into its potential for future use in construction projects, which could ultimately lead to cost savings and improved efficiency in the industry. Recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) was used as a substitute for the natural coarse aggregate (NCA) with volume ratios of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%, and steel fibers (SF) were added to the concrete with different volumes ratios (0, 0.5, and 1 %). Workability tests such as slump flow, V-funnel, and L-box tests were carried out for the mixtures in their fresh state. In general, the results of the experimental work showed that the fresh properties indicated that almost all SCC mixtures were within the specified range, as stated in EFNARC requirements. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences.

Keywords: concrete recycled coarse aggregate self-compacting concrete solid waste steel fibers workability

EDP Sciences | Art. 02013 | EID: 2-s2.0-85174159303

The B3S monolayer as a high-capacity anode material for sodium-ion batteries: First-principles density functional theory approach

2023

Saadh M.J.; Abbood M.A.; Lagum A.A.; Kumar A.; Hadrawi S.K.; Shather A.H.; Kadhim A.A.; Majdi A.

Theoretical Chemistry Accounts , Vol. 142 (12)

9 citations Article English ISSN: 1432881X

Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, 11831, Jordan; Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; Division of Medical and Industrial Materials Science, Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Isra University, P.O. Box 22, Amman, 11622, Jordan; Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, India; Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Technical Engineering Department, College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq; Department of Computer Engineering Technology, Al Kitab University, Kirkuk, Altun Kopru, 00964, Iraq; Collage of Dentistry, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Nasiriyah, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University, College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq

Electrode materials with appropriate mechanical, electronic and structural attributes are prerequisites for next generation renewable energy technology. An essential stage in development of batteries to achieve superior performance is selecting an appropriate anode material. In this research, application of B3S monolayer for anode materials has been investigated employing first-principles-based DFT. For B3S monolayer, as an anode material, it is anticipated to have high performance with a low sodium diffusion barrier (Ea < 0.45 eV), low open-circuit voltage (OCV∼0.12 V), and high storage capacity (1855 mA h g−1). In addition, metallicity of B3S monolayer has been maintained at the end of Na adsorption, which reveals a favorable battery operating cycle and electrical conductivity. Our findings elucidate that these outstanding attributes cause B3S monolayer to be an attractive option for anode materials in sodium-ion batteries (NIBs). © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Keywords: Anode B<sub>3</sub>S monolayer Diffusion barrier Open-circuit voltage Sodium-ion batteries

Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH | Art. 128 | EID: 2-s2.0-85176322890

Using a fuzzy logic integrated machine learning algorithm for information fusion in smart parking

2023

Maktoof M.A.J.; Jawad A.J.M.; Abd H.M.; Husain A.; Majdi A.

Fusion: Practice and Applications , Vol. 11 (1), pp. 114-128

8 citations Article English ISSN: 27700070

Department of Computer Techniques Engineering, Al-Turath University College, Baghdad, 10021, Iraq; Department of Medical device technology Engineering, Al-Rafidain University College, Baghdad, 10064, Iraq; Computer Techniques Engineering Department, Mazaya University College, Thi Qar, Iraq; Department of Medical device technology Engineering, Alfarahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Babylon, 51001, Iraq

The free flow of people and products within metropolitan areas depends on well-managed transportation systems. However, public parking places in smart cities are often limited by traffic, causing cars and residents to waste time, money, and fuel. To counteract this issue, today's automobile systems combine information fusion with intelligent parking solutions. In this research, we present a Fuzzy Logic Integrated Machine Learning Algorithm (FL-MLA) for use in smart parking and traffic management in a metropolis. The FL-MLA use fuzzy induction to distinguish between parked and moving vehicles while calculating traffic flow. The suggested technique efficiently resolves the problem of locating suitable parking places by avoiding incorrect configurations that govern traffic management difficulties. Therefore, the FL-MLA is used in traffic management systems to boost performance metrics like efficiency ratio (98.1%) and accident detection (98.1%) based on simulation results like reduced energy consumption (95.3%), more accurate traffic estimation (97.9%), higher average daily park occupancy (97.2%), and higher efficiency ratio (98.1%). © 2023, American Scientific Publishing Group (ASPG). All rights reserved.

Keywords: Artificial neural network Fuzzy controller Information fusion Information fusion Smart parking Smart transport system Traffic management

American Scientific Publishing Group (ASPG) | EID: 2-s2.0-85160085491

Effect of Recycled Aggregate Concrete and Steel Fibers on the Strength of Self-Compacting Concrete

2023

Abdulhaleem K.N.; Mohammed V.R.; Hamada H.M.; Humada A.M.; Majdi A.

E3S Web of Conferences , Vol. 427

7 citations Conference paper Open Access English ISSN: 25550403

Civil Engineering Department, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Information Technology, Imam Ja’afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Building and construction techniques, Al Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, Babylon, Iraq

The accumulation of waste materials in landfills without treatment threatens public health and the environment. The quantity of solid waste continually increases, causing environmental pollution. One of these wastes that should receive scientific treatment is concrete waste. The use of concrete waste as fine or coarse aggregate in self-compacting concrete (SCC) is one of the useful solutions to this problem. This study aims to reuse concrete waste as coarse aggregate in the production of SCC and find out the influence of different steel fiber contents on the strength of SCC. The steel fibers (SF) were used to reinforce SCC in three different volumes (0, 0.5, and 1 % of concrete volume), and the recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) was used to replace natural coarse aggregate (NCA) in five replacement levels of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. The compressive and tensile strengths of the SCC specimens in the hardened state were determined. The results of the experimental study refer to the steel fiber having a positive effect on the enhancement of mechanical properties, particularly the tensile strength of SCC. The addition of 50% recycled aggregates in the concrete mix contributed to increasing the compressive strength by about 20%. Therefore, it can be said that the dual use of recycled aggregates with steel fibers produced concrete with high specifications compared to ordinary concrete. Another positive effect lies in the disposal of concrete waste, which contributes to an economic return in addition to reducing the effect on the environment. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences.

Keywords: compressive strength recycled aggregates self-compacting concrete steel fibers tensile strength Waste materials

EDP Sciences | Art. 02012 | EID: 2-s2.0-85174205987

Applying Different Water Quality Indices and GIS to Assess the Water Quality, Case Study: Euphrates River in Qadisiyah Province

2023

Al Mousawi E.; Jahad U.A.; Chabuk A.; Al-Ansari N.; Majdi A.; Laue J.

Polish Journal of Environmental Studies , Vol. 32 (5), pp. 4201-4217

7 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 12301485

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Department of Environment Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Department of Environment Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, SE-971 87, Sweden; Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq

A well-known tool for assessing the quality of surface water is the water quality index (WQI) model. In this study, the WQI was generated to classify the water flowing in the Euphrates River in Qadisiyah Province. To develop analytical models, a connection between the findings and satellite images was developed. It is possible to determine what category a river’s water quality for domestic use will fall into. The Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WWQI), Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI), and Bascarón Water Quality Index (BWQI) were used to evaluate and examine the suitability of the Euphrates River in the city by analysing the water quality of samples taken from the five locations (Muhanawia (L1), Salahia (L2), Shamiyah (L3), Shamiyah (L4), Gammas (L5)). The hydrogen ions pH, temperature T, dissolved oxygen DO, nitrate NO3, calcium Ca, magnesium Mg, total hardness TH, potassium K, sodium Na, sulfate SO4, chlorine Cl, total dissolved solids TDS, and electrical conductivity ECvalues are provided for 2020 and 2021. Results showed the Euphrates River was deemed severely contaminated at location Gammas (L5) but acceptable at location Muhanawia (L1). During the research phase, the water quality for the Euphrates achieved a maximum of 87.43 using the CWQI for Muhanawia (L1) in 2021 and a minimum of 15.6 using the BWQI for Gammas (L5) in 2021. The excessive sulphate, total dissolved solids, calcium, and total hardness concentrations led to the low WQI. The results are analysed using a GIS, and a network database connected to the GIS is required to utilize its analytical capabilities and the geographically scattered data throughout the study region. The Water Quality Index (WQI) is not suitable for drinking, as it is below the average of the World Health Organization (WHO) suggestions. © 2023, HARD Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Euphrates River GIS index Qadisiyah Province water quality

HARD Publishing Company | EID: 2-s2.0-85167724129

Monolayer of B3O3 as a promising material in anode of magnesium-ion batteries: A theoretical study

2023

Ali Awad M.; Majdi A.; Abbas Z.S.; Kadhim M.M.; Abdul Hadi M.; Hachim S.K.; barzan M.; Kadhum W.R.; Abdullaha S.A.H.

Computational and Theoretical Chemistry , Vol. 1220

6 citations Article English ISSN: 2210271X

Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Al-Muthanna, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; The University of Mashreq, Research Center, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Dentistry, Kut University College, Kut, Wasit, 52001, Iraq; Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, 10022, Iraq; College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq; Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Turath University College, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Pharmacy, Mazaya University College, Thi-Qar, Iraq; Department of Pharmacy, Kut University College, Kut, Wasit, 52001, Iraq; Laboratory Techniques Department, Dijlah University College, Baghdad, 10022, Iraq

Anode materials with fast kinetics and high capacity are required for developing magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs). The B3O3 monolayer (B3O3ML) had an outstanding Mg capacity according to the first-principles computations. According to the results, Mg atoms were adsorbed onto the surface of the B3O3ML, and the site with most stability was above the hollow center of the B3O3ML. The binding energy of the B3O3ML for Mg atoms was relatively large. Moreover, the Mg ions diffused easily on the B3O3ML surface, and the lowest diffusion barrier was 59 meV. In addition, B3O3ML-based nano-structures (e.g., Mg1.73BO) had a large theoretical capacity (771.42 mA h/g). The findings of the current research can be conducive to clarifying the Mg storage mechanism in boron oxide low-dimensional materials and provide insights into designing MIBs. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.

Keywords: B<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub> monolayer Binding energy Diffusion barrier Magnesium-ion batteries

Elsevier B.V. | Art. 114008 | EID: 2-s2.0-85146236710

The Cd-decorated AlN nanotube as a potential chemical sensor for chloropicrin: DFT studies

2023

Kadhim M.M.; Abed Z.T.; Rayid R.; Abdullaha S.A.; Majdi A.; Rheima A.M.; Hachim S.K.

Computational and Theoretical Chemistry , Vol. 1220

6 citations Article English ISSN: 2210271X

Department of Dentistry, Kut University College, Wasit, Kut, 52001, Iraq; College of Pharmacy, The University of Mashreq, Baghdad, 10021, Iraq; Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, 10022, Iraq; The University of Mashreq, Research Center, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al- Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq; College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq; Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Turath University College, Baghdad, Iraq

The density functional theory computations were performed in order to investigate the impact of Cd-decoration upon the capability of an AlN nanotube (AlN-NT) in in detecting chloropicrin (CP). The interaction between the pure AlN-NT and CP was weak, with a sensing response (SR) of around 6.9. After the Cd atom was decorated onto the surface of AlN-NT, an increase was observed in the adsorption energy of CP from −6.0 to –22.4 kcal/mol. Following the Cd-decoration, a substantial rise was also observed in the SR to 82.5. The recovery time (RT) when CP was desorbed from the surface of Cd@AlN-NT at 298 K was 21.0 s. This suggested the possibility of using Cd@AlN-NT as a suitable CP sensor with high sensitiveness and a short RT. It was demonstrated that the Cd@AlN-NT was capable of selectively detecting CP among HCN, toluene, acetone, ethanol, and formaldehyde vapors. © 2022

Keywords: AlN nanotube Chloropicrin Density functional theory Electronic properties Sensor

Elsevier B.V. | Art. 113982 | EID: 2-s2.0-85144873536

Machine learning-based intelligent video surveillance in smart city framework

2023

Maktoof M.A.J.; Ibraheem H.M.; Razzaq M.A.A.; Abbas A.; Majdi A.

Fusion: Practice and Applications , Vol. 11 (2), pp. 35-47

5 citations Article English ISSN: 27700070

Al-Turath University College, Baghdad, 10021, Iraq; Department of Computer Techniques Engineering, Al-Rafidain University College, Baghdad, 10064, Iraq; Department of Computer Techniques Engineering, Mazaya University College, Thi Qar, Iraq; Department of Medical instruments engineering techniques, Alfarahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Buildings and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Babylon, 51001, Iraq

The proposed method of using Machine Learning in Motion Detection and Pedestrian Tracking-assisted Intelligent Video Surveillance Systems (ML-IVSS) can be seen as an application of intelligent fusion techniques. ML-IVSS combines the power of motion detection, pedestrian tracking, and machine learning to create a more accurate and efficient surveillance system for smart cities. By fusing these techniques, ML-IVSS can effectively detect unusual behaviors such as trespassing, interruption, crime, or fall-down, and provide accurate depth data from surveillance footage to protect residents. Intelligent fusion techniques can help improve the accuracy and effectiveness of surveillance systems in smart cities, making them safer and more secure for residents. Combination channel models are used at first, and an object area with prominent features is selected for surveillance. Scaled modification and extraction of features are carried out on the presumed object's region. Identifying the low-level characteristic is the first step in incorporating it into neural architectures for deep feature learning. A smart CCTV data set is used to evaluate the proposed method's performance. According to the numerical analysis, the proposed ML-IVSS model outperforms other traditional approaches in terms of abnormal behaviour detection (98.8%), prediction (97.4%), accuracy (96.9%), F1-score (97.1%), precision (95.6%), and recall (96.2%). © 2023, American Scientific Publishing Group (ASPG). All rights reserved.

Keywords: Deep Feature Learning Intelligent Fusion Techniques Machine Learning Smart City Video Surveillance System

American Scientific Publishing Group (ASPG) | EID: 2-s2.0-85160079432

A first-principles study of B3O3 monolayer as potential anode materials for calcium-ion batteries

2023

Kadhim M.M.; Majdi A.; Hachim S.K.; Abdullaha S.A.; Taban T.Z.; Rheima A.M.

Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering , Vol. 40 (7), pp. 1633-1638

4 citations Article English ISSN: 02561115

Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, 10022, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq; Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Turath University College, Baghdad, Iraq; Research Center, The University of Mashreq, Baghdad, Iraq; Laser and Optoelectronics Engineering Department, Kut University College, Wasit, Kut, Iraq; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq

Anodic materials with fast kinetics and high capacity are prerequisites for improvement of calcium-ion batteries (CIBs). According to first-principles computations, unique calcium capacity was discovered for B3O3 monolayer. Based on findings, Ca atoms can be adsorbed on B3O3 surface, and the most stable location is the top of the pore center of B3O3 monolayer. Binding energy of B3O3 monolayer is relatively high for Ca atoms. In addition, Ca atoms have been shown to more simple diffuse on B3O3 surface, and lowest diffusion barrier was 65 meV. A more significant finding is that B3O3 monolayer-based nanostructures possess a relatively large capacity of 616.05 mAh/g (as Ca.51BO). These results are expected to support illumination mechanism of Ca storage in boron oxide materials with low-dimensional structures and pave the way for design of CIBs. Therefore, we can utilize the B3O3 anode-based CIBs as alternatives to normal Ca-ion batteries. © 2023, The Korean Institute of Chemical Engineers.

Keywords: Anode B<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Monolayer Binding Energy Calcium-ion Batteries Diffusion Barrier

Springer | EID: 2-s2.0-85160597555

Tribromide immobilized on surface of magnetic nanoparticles modified tris(triazine-triamine): A versatile and highly active catalyst for oxidation of sulfides and oxidative coupling of thiols

2023

Abdalkareem Jasim S.; Mohsen A.M.; Hussien M.; Catalan Opulencia M.J.; Majdi A.; Urunbaevna Tillaeva G.; Kadhim M.M.; Yasin G.

Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon and the Related Elements , Vol. 198 (2), pp. 92-101

3 citations Article English ISSN: 10426507

Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Maarif University College, Al-Anbar-Ramadi, Iraq; Department of Biology, College of Science, Al-Qasim Green University, Al-Qasim, Iraq; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq; Department of Research and Development, School of Pharmacy, Akfa University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Department of Pharmacy, Osol Aldeen University College, Baghdad, Iraq; Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

In this article, we show that tribromide heterogenized on the surface of silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles modified with N2,N4,N6-tris(aminomethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine [Fe3O4@SiO2-tris(triazine-triamine)-Br3] is a novel and efficient reusable nanocatalyst for the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides and oxidative coupling of thiols to disulfides using hydrogen peroxide as green oxidant. The structure of the as-fabricated Fe3O4@SiO2-tris(triazine-triamine)-Br3 was characterized by a series of spectroscopic techniques including FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, EDX, VSM, XRD and TGA techniques. TEM and SEM analysis confirmed that the typical silica shell thickness was assessed to be around 20 nm. Recycling studies revealed that the Fe3O4@SiO2-tris(triazine-triamine)-Br3 could be easily recovered by a simple magnetic separation and recycled at least 6 times without deterioration in catalytic activity. © 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Keywords: disulfide Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@SiO<sub>2</sub>-tris(triazine-triamine)-Br<sub>3</sub> nanocatalyst oxidation reactions spectroscopic techniques sulfoxide

Taylor and Francis Ltd. | EID: 2-s2.0-85136879917

Investigation of the Effect of Downstream Slope and Rockfill Materials on Flow Regimes over Gabion Stepped Weirs

2023

Alabas M.A.A.A.; Jahad U.A.; Al-Ameri R.; Chabuk A.; Isam M.; Majdi A.; Al-Ansari N.

Polish Journal of Environmental Studies , Vol. 32 (4), pp. 3481-3490

2 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 12301485

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Department of Environment Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; School of Engineering, Faculty of Science Engineering & Built Environment, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, 3220, VIC, Australia; Department of Environment Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Research and Studies Unit, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, SE-971 87, Sweden

It is important to determine the limits of flow regimes in the design of stepped weirs because of the hydraulic performance of each regime. The present study investigates the effect of downstream slope and rock fill materials on flow regimes in gabion stepped weirs. Nine physical models of gabion weirs were used in the experiments. The models’ downstream slopes ranged from 1:05 to 1:4 V:H. In addition, two types of rockfill materials: crushed stone of 0.42 porosity and rounded gravel of 0.38 porosity were used to study the effect of rockfill materials on flow regimes. The nominal size of the crushed stone was (37.5 mm-13.2 mm) D50 = 23 mm and the nominal size of the rounded gravel was (26.5 mm-13.2 mm) D50 = 16 mm. Each model has been tested with ten runs for discharge per unit width ranging (from 0.006 to 0.105 m3/sec. m) to cover all flow conditions and flow regimes. The onset of each flow regime for all physical models has been observed. The experimental data of the gabion stepped weirs have been used to develop equations to estimate the onset of each flow regime. The coefficient of correlation (R) of the developed equations ranged between 0.95 to 0.97. The results indicated on the steeper downstream slope models (1:0.5, 1:0.83), there is interference between the nappe and transition flow regimes. The nappe flow regime has not appeared on all steps at the same time. Moreover, the shape and size of the rockfill materials have an insignificant effect on flow regimes, especially at a high flow rate. © 2023, HARD Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

Keywords: downstream slope flow regimes gabion rockfill materi stepped weirs

HARD Publishing Company | EID: 2-s2.0-85165373980

The performance comparison of the decision tree models on the prediction of seismic gravelly soil liquefaction potential based on dynamic penetration test

2023

Ahmad M.; Alsulami B.T.; Hakamy A.; Majdi A.; Alqurashi M.; Sabri Sabri M.M.; Al-Mansob R.A.; Bin Ibrahim M.R.

Frontiers in Earth Science , Vol. 11

2 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 22966463

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, Malaysia; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar (Bannu Campus), Bannu, Pakistan; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Al-Hilla, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation; Department of Civil Engineering, Center for Transportation Research, Engineering Faculty, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Seismic liquefaction has been reported in sandy soils as well as gravelly soils. Despite sandy soils, a comprehensive case history record is still lacking for developing empirical, semi-empirical, and soft computing models to predict this phenomenon in gravelly soils. This work compiles documentation from 234 case histories of gravelly soil liquefaction from across the world to generate a database, which will then be used to develop seismic gravelly soil liquefaction potential models. The performance measures, namely, accuracy, precision, recall, F-score, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, were used to evaluate the training and testing tree-based models’ performance and highlight the capability of the logistic model tree over reduced error pruning tree, random tree and random forest models. The findings of this research can provide theoretical support for researchers in selecting appropriate tree-based models and improving the predictive performance of seismic gravelly soil liquefaction potential. Copyright © 2023 Ahmad, Alsulami, Hakamy, Majdi, Alqurashi, Sabri Sabri, Al-Mansob and Bin Ibrahim.

Keywords: dynamic penetration test gravelly soil liquefaction logistic model tree random forest random tree reduced error pruning tree

Frontiers Media SA | Art. 1105610 | EID: 2-s2.0-85167332248

Application of zinc carbide nanosheet as a promising material for 5-fluorouracil drug delivery

2023

Kadhim M.M.; Mahdi Rheima A.; Fadhel Mohammed Al-Kazazz F.; Majdi A.; Ammar Hashim O.; Mohamed Dashoor Al-Jaafari F.; Abduladheem Umran D.; Adel M.; Hachim S.K.; Talib Zaidan D.

Inorganic Chemistry Communications , Vol. 152

1 citations Article English ISSN: 13877003

Department of Dentistry, Kut University College, Wasit, Kut, 52001, Iraq; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al- Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; College of Pharmacy, The University of Mashreq, Baghdad, 10021, Iraq; Department of Physics, College of Science, Wasit University, Al Kut, 52001, Iraq; Department of Pharmacy, Mazaya University College, Iraq; Pharmacy College, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, 10022, Iraq; College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq; Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Turath University College, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Laser and Optical Electronics Engineering, Kut University College, Al Kut, Wasit, Iraq

One of the primary causes of human death is cancer whose treatment using a theranostics strategy is of considerable significance. Density functional theory (DFT) computations were undertaken for scrutinizing the delivery of the anti-cancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5FU) using a zinc carbide nanosheet (ZnC3NS). The topological, electronic, adsorption energies, charge transfer and the drug release of 5FU@ZnC3NS were calculated. The obtained adsorption energy for 5FU@ZnC3NS was −1.45 eV. The charge distributions, electronic properties, and the frontier orbitals were investigated for analyzing the interaction properties of 5FU with the ZnC3NS. Additionally, the natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis showed the occurrence of a charge transfer from 5FU to the ZnC3NS. In the complex of 5FU@ZnC3NS, the solvent effects reduced the binding energy of 5FU. The findings demonstrated the possibility of protonating 5FU in the tumor tissues, which facilitated the release of 5FU from the ZnC3NS. This was the first study which demonstrated the capability of ZnC3NS in delivering 5FU. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.

Keywords: 5-fluorouracil Density functional theory Electronic properties Zinc carbide nanosheet

Elsevier B.V. | Art. 110630 | EID: 2-s2.0-85153488457

Techno-Economic Analysis and Simulation of a Photovoltaic-Wind Hybrid System for Grid-Independent Applications

2023

Al-Hawary S.I.S.; Candra O.; Patra I.; Tripathi A.K.; Majdi A.; Sivaraman R.; Dwijendra N.K.A.

Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems , Vol. 10 (3), pp. 957-962

1 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 23690739

Department of Business Administration, Business School, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, 25113, Jordan; Department Teknik Elektro, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, 25131, Indonesia; National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, 713209, India; Department of Mining Engineering, Aditya Engineering College, Surampalem, 533437, India; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Department of Mathematics, University of Madras, Chennai, 600005, India; Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University, Bali, 80361, Indonesia

The utilization of solar and wind energy as alternatives to fossil fuels is gaining increasing significance in the quest for sustainable energy solutions. Hybrid systems, comprising multiple power generation units driven by diverse energy sources, offer enhanced reliability compared to single-source systems. Among these, photovoltaicwind turbine hybrids have emerged as a promising configuration, capable of meeting extensive and dynamic energy demands. In certain hybrid systems, domestic batteries are employed to counter daily fluctuations, facilitating the conversion and storage of energy for grid-independent applications. The present study conducts a technoeconomic analysis of such a hybrid system, employing HOMER software for power supply simulations. Results indicate that the optimal configuration encompasses 10 kW photovoltaic cells, a 10 kW wind turbine, a 4 kW water electrolysis device, a 10 kW converter, a 1 kW fuel cell, and a 1 kg storage tank. © 2023, Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems. All Rights Reserved.

Keywords: hybrid system photovoltaic wind energy

International Information and Engineering Technology Association | EID: 2-s2.0-85165101181

Improvement of clay brick masonry bonding using polyurethane foam mortars with blended cement

2023

Harith I.K.; Abdulhadi A.M.; Majdi A.

International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development , Vol. 14 (1), pp. 46-62

1 citations Article English ISSN: 2093761X

Hydraulic Structures Department, College of Engineering, Al-qasim Green University, Babylon, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq; Intelligent Medical Systems Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Babil, 51001, Iraq

Masonry is a composite material generally used in construction. It displays numerous advantages, involving significant compressive strength, thermal inertia, and aesthetic beauty. Poor bond and low bond strength are major problems of brick masonry and this aspect is fundamental in seismic regions. In this study, the improvement of brick masonry bond and shear strength using polyurethane foam mortars with blended cement has been investigated. Toward this objective, fly ash class F and nano silica were utilized in mortars by 30% and 2%, as partial cement replacement respectively. The properties of components were performed, followed by compressive strength tests on polyurethane foam mortars. Moreover, a comparison of the behaviour of the polyurethane foam mortar prisms, triplets and couplets under compressive, shear and bond tests with respect to the reference cement mortar masonry was carried out. A significant increase in shear and bond strength was achieved by using polyurethane mortar reaching up to 79% and 160% respectively at 28-day for mortar made with polyurethane foam and 30% fly ash and 2% nano silica. Results provide indications on which polyurethane foam mortars have to be used for masonry buildings in regions that are subjected to seismic hazards. © International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development.

Keywords: bond strength couplets polyurethane mortar shear strength triplets

Sustainable Building Research Center | EID: 2-s2.0-85153490529

Author Correction: Predicting California bearing ratio of HARHA-treated expansive soils using Gaussian process regression (Scientific Reports, (2023), 13, 1, (13593), 10.1038/s41598-023-40903-1)

2023

Ahmad M.; Al-Zubi M.A.; Kubińska-Jabcoń E.; Majdi A.; Al-Mansob R.A.; Sabri M.M.S.; Ali E.; Naji J.A.; Elnaggar A.Y.; Zamin B.

Scientific Reports , Vol. 13 (1)

1 citations Erratum Open Access English ISSN: 20452322

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Selangor, Jalan Gombak, 50728, Malaysia; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Bannu Campus, Bannu, 28100, Pakistan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hijjawai Faculty for Engineering, Yarmouk University, Irbid, 21163, Jordan; Faculty of Management, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, 30-067, Poland; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251, Russian Federation; Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt; Department of Civil Engineering, Al-Baha University, P. O. Box 1988, Al-Baha, 65527, Saudi Arabia; Department of Food Nutrition Science, College of Science, Taif University, P. O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia; Department of Civil Engineering, CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan

Correction to: Scientific Reports, published online 21 August 2023 The Acknowledgements section in the original version of this Article was omitted. The Acknowledgements section now reads: “The researchers would like to acknowledge the Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University for funding this work.” The original Article has been corrected. © 2023, Springer Nature Limited.

Nature Research | Art. 14376 | EID: 2-s2.0-85169662078

Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetized Di(Pyridin-2-Yl)Amine-Copper (II) Complex and Its Catalytic Applications in Synthesis of Ynones and Amides

2023

Abdalkareem Jasim S.; Thaeer Hammid A.; Kamal Abdelbasset W.; Hussien M.; Urunbaevna Tillaeva G.; Majdi A.; Yasin G.; Fakri Mustafa Y.

Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds , Vol. 43 (7), pp. 6261-6276

Article English ISSN: 10406638

Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Maarif University College, Al-Anbar-Ramadi, Iraq; Computer Engineering Department, Imam Ja’afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physical Therapy, Kasr Al-Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Pesticide Formulation Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Egypt; Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Department of Research and Development, School of Pharmacy, Akfa University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Al Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Iraq; Department of Botany, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq

Copper (II) complex immobilized on the surface of silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with di(pyridin-2-yl)amine (Fe3O4@SiO2-di(pyridin-2-yl)amine-Cu(II)) was successfully fabricated and characterized by various analyses including FT-IR, SEM, TEM, EDX, TGA, XRD, VSM, AAS and ICP-OES techniques. The catalytic behavior of Fe3O4@SiO2-di(pyridin-2-yl)amine-Cu(II) nanocomposite was investigated in the synthesis of ynones and amides. Furthermore, the heterogeneous catalyst (Fe3O4@SiO2-di(pyridin-2-yl)amine-Cu(II)) can be easily recovered by external magnet and reused for 8 cycles without significant loss in activity. The results clearly exhibit the advantages of the present methodology, namely the low catalyst loading, high product yield, experimental simplicity, broad substrate scope and short reaction times. © 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Keywords: amides copper complex Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@SiO<sub>2</sub>-di(pyridin-2yl)methanimine-Cu(II) nanomagnetic catalyst ynones

Taylor and Francis Ltd. | EID: 2-s2.0-85137065717

Study the effect of salicylic acid and π -linkage of electrical and optical properties of organic based solar cell

2023

Kadhim M.M.; Sadoon N.; Gheni H.A.; Hachim S.K.; Majdi A.; Abdullaha S.A.H.; Rheima A.M.

Chemical Papers , Vol. 77 (4), pp. 1861-1867

Article English ISSN: 03666352

Department of Dentistry, Kut University College, Wasit, Kut, 52001, Iraq; Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, 10022, Iraq; College of Pharmacy, The University of Mashreq, Baghdad, 10021, Iraq; College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq; Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Turath University College, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al- Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Dijlah University College, Baghdad, 10022, Iraq; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq

Herein, the structural modification of triphenylamine (TPA) organic chromophores (P-I and P-II) by the substitution of electron donor (D) groups (replacing salicylic acid and inserting a π-linkage) was investigated for solar cell applications. TPA’s capability of donating and spacer significantly impact some features such as structure, absorption, and photovoltaic features, and these changes are studied via density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (T-DFT) calculations. According to structural characteristics, the addition of TPA, π bridge, and the acceptor has an excellent co-planar conformation in P-II. Based on the computations to optimize ground-state and frequency, EHOMO, ELUMO, and energies of band gap (Eg) were specified. Consequently, we employed TD-CAM-B3LYP computations to determine the maximum wavelength of absorbance (λmax) and the strength of the oscillator (f). For P-II, the bands of absorption were augmented to ~ 653 nm. The P-II dye can be considered a suitable candidate for our solar cell application based on the obtained results. © 2022, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences.

Keywords: Band gap Photovoltaic Solar cell Triphenylamine Wavelength

Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH | EID: 2-s2.0-85144461973

Retraction Note: Oxygen reduction reaction on metal-doped nanotubes and nanocages for fuel cells (Ionics, (2022), 28, 7, (3409-3419), 10.1007/s11581-022-04564-w)

2023

Salahdin O.D.; Majdi A.; Opulencia M.J.C.; Taban T.Z.; Hammid A.T.; Zhao X.

Ionics , Vol. 29 (2), pp. 877

Erratum Open Access English ISSN: 09477047

Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Maarif University College, Anbar- Ramadi, Iraq; Al- Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Iraq; College of Business Administration, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Laser and Optoelectronics Engineering Department, Kut University College, Al kut, Wasit, 52001, Iraq; Computer Engineering Techniques Department, Faculty of Information Technology, Imam Ja’afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq; Independent Researcher, Beijing, China

The Editors-in-Chief have retracted this article because an investigation has shown evidence of authorship manipulation. The contributions of the listed authors cannot be confirmed and the Editors-in-Chief no longer have confidence in the content of the article. None of the authors has responded to correspondence from the Publisher about this retraction. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022.

Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH | EID: 2-s2.0-85144483529

Riparian Management and Nutrients Distribution in Different Zones of Euphrates Riverbanks

2023

Al Bayaty M.; Al Mousawi E.; Jahad U.A.; Chabuk A.; Majdi A.; Al-Ansari N.; Laue J.

International Journal of Design and Nature and Ecodynamics , Vol. 18 (1), pp. 1-10

Article Open Access English ISSN: 17557437

Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Department of Environment Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, SE-971 87, Sweden

The dynamic of nutrient cycling is a critical factor in riparian regions. It is essential to understand the behaviour of riparian areas in the maintenance and management river ecosystem. Sediment load, nutrients, and pathogens are transported to water bodies through land drainage and riverside flow. The classification of environmental agencies was poor for them. In this study, a qualitative investigation was implemented to determine the relationship between these practices and variations in nutrient retention for several types of riverbank soil. Also, the riverbank soils were including soil covered by wild reed plants. All the field works were along the Euphrates River in three locations. Moreover, study the variation in the content of vegetation riverbank soils from nitrogen, organic matter (OM), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and PH. The results presented that riverbanks consider important locations for nutrient retention. Whilst agricultural activities have minimized the content of soil of OM (30%), N (49%), and K (3%), in subsurface soil but not so great lowering in surface layers. In contrast, management practices and human activities such as burning caused an apparent increase of OM (4%), N (77%), and a clear reduction in P (12%) content at both surface and subsurface layers of soil. Under all circumstances, riverbank soils showed a relative increase of nutrients at wet toe-slopes. Furthermore, it is noted that riparian vegetation and aquatic plants played a significant role by causing critical changes in riparian sides or even contrary effects on riverbank management practices and destruction of natural soil nutrient conditions. Thus, it should be carefully considered when evaluating the ecological impacts of riparian disturbances. © 2023 WITPress. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Euphrates River land management nutrients riparian riverbanks

International Information and Engineering Technology Association | EID: 2-s2.0-85152724130

2022

55 papers

A Comprehensive Review on the Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) in Concrete Production

2022

Ahmad J.; Kontoleon K.J.; Majdi A.; Naqash M.T.; Deifalla A.F.; Ben Kahla N.; Isleem H.F.; Qaidi S.M.A.

Sustainability (Switzerland) , Vol. 14 (14)

276 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 20711050

Department of Civil Engineering, Military College of Engineering, Sub Campus, Natioanl University of Sciences and Technology, Risalpur, 44000, Pakistan; Laboratory of Building Construction and Building Physics, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece; Department of Building and Construction Technologies and Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, Islamic University in Madinah, Prince Naif Ibn Abdulaziz Street, Al-Kamiah, Medina, 42351, Saudi Arabia; Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, 11845, Egypt; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia; Department of Construction Management, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011, China; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Duhok, Duhok, 42001, Iraq

In the last few decades, the concrete industry has been massively expanded with the adoption of various kinds of binding materials. As a substitute to cement and in an effort to relieve ecofriendly difficulties linked with cement creation, the utilization of industrial waste as cementitious material can sharply reduce the amount of trash disposed of in lakes and landfills. With respect to the mechanical properties, durability and thermal behavior, ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) delineates a rational way to develop sustainable cement and concrete. Apart from environmental benefits, the replacement of cement by GGBS illustrates an adequate way to mitigate the economic impact. Although many researchers concentrate on utilizing GGBS in concrete production, knowledge is scattered, and additional research is needed to better understand relationships among a wide spectrum of key questions and to more accurately determine these preliminary findings. This work aims to shed some light on the scientific literature focusing on the use and effectiveness of GGBS as an alternative to cement. First and foremost, basic information on GGBS manufacturing and its physical, chemical and hydraulic activity and heat of hydration are thoroughly discussed. In a following step, fresh concrete properties, such as flowability and mechanical strength, are examined. Furthermore, the durability of concrete, such as density, permeability, acid resistance, carbonation depth and dry shrinkage, are also reviewed and interpreted. It can be deduced that the chemical structure of GGBS is parallel to that of cement, as it shows the creditability of being partially integrated and overall suggests an alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). On the basis of such adjustments, the mechanical strength of concrete with GGBS has shown an increase, to a certain degree; however, the flowability of concrete has been reduced. In addition, the durability of concrete containing GGBS cement is shown to be superior. The optimum percentage of GGBS is an essential aspect of better performance. Previous studies have suggested different optimum percentages of GGBS varying from 10 to 20%, depending on the source of GGBS, concrete mix design and particle size of GGBS. Finally, the review also presents some basic process improvement tips for future generations to use GGBS in concrete. © 2022 by the authors.

Keywords: durability GGBS industrial waste mechanical properties sustainable concrete

MDPI | Art. 8783 | EID: 2-s2.0-85135415989

A Step towards Sustainable Concrete with Substitution of Plastic Waste in Concrete: Overview on Mechanical, Durability and Microstructure Analysis

2022

Ahmad J.; Majdi A.; Elhag A.B.; Deifalla A.F.; Soomro M.; Isleem H.F.; Qaidi S.

Crystals , Vol. 12 (7)

156 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 20734352

Department of Civil Engineering, Military College of Engineering, Risalpur, Sub Campus of National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan; Department of Building and Construction Technologies and Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia; Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, 11845, Egypt; Centre for Infrastructure Engineering, Western Sydney University, Penrith, 2751, NSW, Australia; Department of Construction Management, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011, China; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Duhok, Duhok, 42001, Iraq

Plastics have become an essential part of our daily lives, and global plastic production has increased dramatically in the past 50 years. This has significantly increased the amount of plastic garbage produced. Researchers have recently been interested in using trash and recyclable plastics in concrete as an ecologically acceptable building material. A large number of publications have been published that describe the behavior of concrete, containing waste and recovered plastic com ponents. However, information is scattered, and no one knows how plastic trash behaves as concrete materials. This research examines the use of plastic waste (PW) as aggregate or fiber in cement mortar and concrete manufacturing. The article reviewed the three most significant features of concrete: fresh properties, mechanical strength, and durability. PW and cement connections were also studied using microstructure analysis (scan electronic microscopy). The results showed that PW, as a fiber, enhanced mechanical performance, but PW, as a coarse aggregate, impaired concrete performance owing to poor bonding. The assessment also identified research needs in order to enhance the performance of PW-based concrete in the future. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Keywords: durability and microstructure analysis mechanical strength plastic waste sustainable concrete

MDPI | Art. 944 | EID: 2-s2.0-85133889306

Glass Fibers Reinforced Concrete: Overview on Mechanical, Durability and Microstructure Analysis

2022

Ahmad J.; González-Lezcano R.A.; Majdi A.; Ben Kahla N.; Deifalla A.F.; El-Shorbagy M.A.

Materials , Vol. 15 (15)

145 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 19961944

Department of Civil Engineering, Military College of Engineering, Risalpur, Pakistan; Architecture and Design Department, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Campus Montepríncipe, University San Pablo CEU, Alcorcón, Madrid, 28925, Spain; Department of Building and Construction Technologies and Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia; Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, 11845, Egypt; Department of Mathematics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia; Sub Campus of National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan

Prior studies in the literature show promising results regarding the improvements in strength and durability of concrete upon incorporation of glass fibers into concrete formulations. However, the knowledge regarding glass fiber usage in concrete is scattered. Moreover, this makes it challenging to understand the behavior of glass fiber-reinforced concrete. Therefore, a detailed review is required on glass fiber-reinforced concrete. This paper provides a compressive analysis of glass fiber-reinforced composites. All-important properties of concrete such as flowability, compressive, flexural, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity were presented in this review article. Furthermore, durability aspects such as chloride ion penetration, water absorption, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and acid resistance were also considered. Finally, the bond strength of the fiber and cement paste was examined via scanning electron microscopy. Results indicate that glass fibers improved concrete’s strength and durability but decreased the concrete’s flowability. Higher glass fiber doses slightly decreased the mechanical performance of concrete due to lack of workability. The typical optimum dose is recommended at 2.0%. However, a higher dose of plasticizer was recommended for a higher dose of glass fiber (beyond 2.0%). The review also identifies research gaps that should be addressed in future studies. © 2022 by the authors.

Keywords: compressive strength durability glass fiber scanning electron microscopy

MDPI | Art. 5111 | EID: 2-s2.0-85137266328

Prediction of strength and analysis in self-compacting concrete using machine learning based regression techniques

2022

Rajakarunakaran S.A.; Lourdu A.R.; Muthusamy S.; Panchal H.; Jawad Alrubaie A.; Musa Jaber M.; Ali M.H.; Tlili I.; Maseleno A.; Majdi A.; Ali S.H.M.

Advances in Engineering Software , Vol. 173

115 citations Article English ISSN: 09659978

Department of Civil Engineering, PSR Engineering College (Autonomous), Tamil Nadu, Sivakasi, India; Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Kongu Engineering College (Autonomous), Perundurai, Tamil Nadu, Erode, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College Patan, Gujarat, India; Department of Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering, Al- Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Department of Medical Instruments Engineering Techniques, Dijlah University College, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, 10021, Iraq; Iraq & Department of Medical Instruments Engineering Techniques, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, 10021, Iraq; Computer technique engineering department, Faculty of Information Technology, Imam Jafar Al-sadiq University, Iraq; Physics Department, College of Science, Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, AL-Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia; Department of Information Systems, STMIK Pringsewu, Lampung, Indonesia; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al- Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq

Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) has congested structural components and an inaccessible position. Mixing concrete multiple times becomes time-consuming and expensive. Due to a lack of competence in mixture design, analyzing appropriate mixture components and their influence on SCC's mechanical behavior might be a real-time concern in the construction sector. The work intends to create machine learning-based regression models to predict SCC compressive strength. A laboratory set of data comprising 99 SCC samples was used for this purpose. SCC's machine-learning regression model has many input and output parameters. Python machine learning was used to compare actual strengths. Linear regression, Lasso regression, Ridge regression, multi-layer perceptron regression, decision tree regression, and random forest regression are machine learning prediction methods. RMSE, MSE, MAE, and R2 measure model accuracy. The Random Forest model can efficiently estimate self-compressing concrete compression strength, according to the results. The RF model forecasts concrete's compressive strength accurately. © 2022

Keywords: Compression strength Decision tree Machine learning Random forest Regression Self-compacting concrete

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 103267 | EID: 2-s2.0-85138449683

Mechanical and Durability Performance of Coconut Fiber Reinforced Concrete: A State-of-the-Art Review

2022

Ahmad J.; Majdi A.; Al-Fakih A.; Deifalla A.F.; Althoey F.; El Ouni M.H.; El-Shorbagy M.A.

Materials , Vol. 15 (10)

109 citations Review Open Access English ISSN: 19961944

Department of Civil Engineering, Swedish College of Engineering, Rawalpindi, 47080, Pakistan; Department of Building and Construction Technologies Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Interdisciplinary Research Center for Construction and Building Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia; Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, 11845, Egypt; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 394, Abha, 61411, Saudi Arabia; Applied Mechanics and Systems Research Laboratory, Tunisia Polytechnic School, University of Carthage, Tunis, La Marsa, 2078, Tunisia; Department of Mathematics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia

The push for sustainability in the construction sector has demanded the use of increasingly renewable resources. These natural fibers are biodegradable and non-toxic, and their mechanical capabilities are superior to those of synthetic fibers in terms of strength and durability. A lot of research recommends coconut fibers as an alternative to synthetic fibers. However, the knowledge is scattered, and no one can easily judge the suitability of coconut fibers in concrete. This paper presents a summary of research progress on coconut fiber (natural fibers) reinforced concrete. The effects of coconut fibers on the properties of concrete are reviewed. Factors affecting the fresh, hardened, and durability properties of concrete reinforced with coconut fiber are discussed. Results indicate that coconut fiber improved the mechanical performance of concrete due to crack prevention, similar to the synthetic fibers but decreased the flowability of concrete. However, coconut fibers improved flexure strength more effectively than compressive strength. Furthermore, improvement in some durability performance was also observed, but less information is available in this regard. Moreover, the optimum dose is an important parameter for high-strength concrete. The majority of researchers indicate that 3.0% coconut fiber is the optimum dose. The overall study demonstrates that coconut fibers have the creditability to be used in concrete instead of synthetic fibers. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Keywords: durability aspects mechanical properties natural fibers physical properties

MDPI | Art. 3601 | EID: 2-s2.0-85130880552

Performance of concrete reinforced with jute fibers (natural fibers): A review

2022

Ahmad J.; Arbili M.M.; Majdi A.; Althoey F.; Farouk Deifalla A.; Rahmawati C.

Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics , Vol. 17

79 citations Review Open Access English ISSN: 15589250

Department of Civil Engineering, Swedish college of Engineering and Technology, Wah Cantt, Panjab, Pakistan; Department of Information Technology, Choman Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of building and construction techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia; Structural Engineering and Construction Management Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, Egypt; Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Abulyatama, Aceh Besar, Indonesia

Natural fibers are an excellent alternative since they are inexpensive and easily accessible in fibrous form. Several researchers claim that jute fiber (JTF) can be used in concrete to improve its strength and durability performance. This review describes the characteristics and potential uses of some jute fibers in concrete. The main theme of this review is to summarize the effect of JTF on fresh properties of concrete, strength parameters, and durability characteristics. It can be concluded that jute fibers improved strength and durability aspect but decreased the fluidity of concrete in a similar way to synthetic fibers. However, there is little research available on the durability of concrete reinforced with JTF. Furthermore, the optimum percentage of JTF in concrete is critical as the higher dose adversely affects strength and durability characteristics due to lack fluidity. The typical range of optimum dose of JTF varies from 1% to 2% depending on the length and diameter of jute fibers. The review also identifies the key for future researchers to further, enhance the properties of concrete reinforced with JTF. © The Author(s) 2022.

Keywords: and acid resistance compressive strength dry shrinkage jute fibers Natural fibers

SAGE Publications Ltd | EID: 2-s2.0-85139011512

A Review on Failure Modes and Cracking Behaviors of Polypropylene Fibers Reinforced Concrete

2022

Ahmad J.; Burduhos-Nergis D.D.; Arbili M.M.; Alogla S.M.; Majdi A.; Deifalla A.F.

Buildings , Vol. 12 (11)

76 citations Review Open Access English ISSN: 20755309

Department of Civil Engineering, Military College of Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sub Campus, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan; Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, 700050, Romania; Department of Information Technology, Choman Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, 44001, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Qassim, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, 11845, Egypt

Despite being strong under compression, concrete is rather weak when subjected to tensile stress. Concrete has been reinforced with a variety of materials over time in order to resist tensile stresses. Among various types of fibers, polypropylene fiber, which is available in a range of sizes, is being used to strengthen concrete. The fiber also increases the concrete’s toughness, durability, and low permeability. Polypropylene fibers may be utilized in place of conventional reinforcement, according to a number of researchers. The aim of this study is to collect information from already carried out research on polypropylene fibers. Important characteristics of concrete, such as workability, compressive, tensile, and flexural strength, are reviewed. The review also explores cracking behavior and failure modes of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete. Furthermore, durability aspects, such as water absorption, porosity, dry shrinkage, and microstructure study (scan electronic microscopy), were also reviewed. Results indicate that polypropylene fiber improved the mechanical strength and durability of concrete (particularly tensile capacity) but decreased the flowability of concrete. The optimum dose is important, as a higher dose adversely affects strength and durability due to a lack of flowability. Scanning electronic microscopy results indicate that the polypropylene fibers restrict the propagation of cracks, which improves the strength and durability of concrete. The review also indicates that shrinkage cracks are considerably reduced with the addition of polypropylene fibers. Finally, the review also provides future research guidelines for upcoming generations to further improve the performance of polypropylene fibers that reinforce concrete. © 2022 by the authors.

Keywords: compressive strength failure modes and cracking behaviours fiber reinforced concrete polypropylene fibers

MDPI | Art. 1951 | EID: 2-s2.0-85149462665

Augmenting the performance of pyramid distiller via conical absorbing surface, reflectors, condenser, and thermal storing material

2022

Essa F.A.; Alawee W.H.; Abdullah A.S.; Aljaghtham M.; Mohammed S.A.; Dhahad H.A.; Majdi A.; Omara Z.M.

Journal of Energy Storage , Vol. 55

75 citations Article English ISSN: 2352152X

Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt; Control and Systems Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering in Al-Kharj, PPrince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia; Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, 31521, Egypt; Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Technologies Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq

The availability of freshwater suitable for human use is a modern problem in many countries of the world. There are different methods that can be considered to overcome this problem, among them solar distillers, which are an acceptable solution in places far from urbanization and for families of medium numbers. This paper presents a different design of the pyramid distiller (PSS). This was conducted by changing the flat absorber to a conical absorber to increase the vaporization surface area of distiller. In addition, various wick materials of cotton wick and jute cloth were placed over the conical absorber to be investigated. Besides, the performance of the modified pyramid solar still (MPSS) was studied when using external mirrors to increase the input solar energy and utilizing external condenser. Finally, a paraffin wax mixed with silver nanoparticles was used as a phase change material (PCM) under the conical absorber of MPSS to be tested. The results revealed that using the modified conical absorber increased the evaporative surface area of MPSS by around 14 %. Also, using the jute cloth material is suggested to be used instead of cotton cloth as a wick material for the MPSS due to its better operation, where the distillate of MPSS with cotton and jute wicks was increased by 66 % and 69 % over that of the PSS. While the daily yield of the MPSS with reflectors and external condenser was reported as 10,250 mL/m2·day compared to only 3950 mL/m2·day for the PSS. As a result, the combination of mirrors and external condenser with the MPSS improved the yield by 159 % over that of the PSS. Finally, the best performance of MPSS was obtained under the conditions of using mirrors and condenser, where the daily yield improvement and distiller efficiency were 159 % and 55.5 %, respectively. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd

Keywords: Condenser Conical absorber Mirror Phase change material Pyramid distiller Wick

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 105597 | EID: 2-s2.0-85138029936

Testing a single slope solar still with copper heating coil, external condenser, and phase change material

2022

Alawee W.H.; Abdullah A.S.; Mohammed S.A.; Majdi A.; Omara Z.M.; Younes M.M.

Journal of Energy Storage , Vol. 56

71 citations Article English ISSN: 2352152X

Control and Systems Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia; Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, 31734, Egypt; Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Technologies Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt

A worldwide shortage of drinkable water has resulted from the rapid rise of industrialization and population, which has prompted researchers to find an alternative method to meet this requirement. Solar still are systems powered by solar energy that can provide drinkable water, however it has a low production issue. In this study a conventional solar still (CSS) and a modified solar still (MSS) have been tested in this experimental study. Copper water heating coil, an external condenser, and Nano-phase change material (PCM-Ag) have been employed to increase the productivity of the MSS. In three sets of experiments the performance of MSS and CSS were compared under identical meteorological conditions. The findings showed that, the productivity increase/thermal efficiency for MSS with heating coil, MSS with external condenser, and MSS with PCM-Ag layer are 76 %/45.4 %, 120 %/52 % and 111 %/50.7 %, respectively. So, employing PCM or external condenser increased the productivity of MSS with heating coil by about 35 % and 44 %, respectively. Economic analysis was also taken into account, and the costs of the distilled freshwater for the CSS, MSS-PCM, and MSS-EC 0.029, 0.024, and 0.022 $/l, respectively. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd

Keywords: Copper heating coil Desalination External condenser Phase change material Single slope solar still Solar still

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 106030 | EID: 2-s2.0-85141478098

Improving the Self-Healing of Cementitious Materials with a Hydrogel System

2022

Wang H.; Habibi M.; Marzouki R.; Majdi A.; Shariati M.; Denic N.; Zakić A.; Khorami M.; Khadimallah M.A.; Ebid A.A.K.

Gels , Vol. 8 (5)

69 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 23102861

School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Vocational Institute of Engineering, Chongqing, 402260, China; Department of Civil Engineering, Calut Company Holding, Melbourne, 3800, Australia; Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia; Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Priština, Kosovska Mitrovica, 38220, Serbia; Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, ALFA BK University, Belgrade, 11070, Serbia; Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Universidad UTE, Calle Rumipamba S/N y Bourgeois, Quito, 170147, Ecuador; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 16273, Saudi Arabia; Laboratory of Systems and Applied Mechanics, Polytechnic School of Tunisia, University of Carthage, Tunis, 1054, Tunisia; Structural Engineering and Construction Management, Faculty of Engineering, Future University, Cairo, 11835, Egypt

Despite cement’s superior performance and inexpensive cost compared to other industrial materials, crack development remains a persistent problem in concrete. Given the comparatively low tensile strength, when cracks emerge, a pathway is created for gas and water to enter the cementitious matrix, resulting in steel reinforcement corrosion which compromises the durability of concrete. Superabsorbent hydrogels have been developed as a novel material for enhancing the characteristics of cementitious materials in which they have been demonstrated to decrease autogenous shrinkage and encourage self-healing. This study will detail the design and application of polyelectrolyte hydrogel particles as internal curing agents in concrete and provide new findings on relevant hydrogel–ion interactions. When hydrogel particles are mixed into concrete, they generate their stored water to fuel the curing reaction that results in less cracking and shrinkage, thereby prolonging the service life of the concrete. The interaction of hydrogels with cementitious materials is addressed in this study; the effect of hydrogels on the characteristics and self-healing of cementitious materials was also studied. Incorporating hydrogel particles into cement decreased mixture shrinkage while increasing the production of particular inorganic phases within the vacuum region formerly supplied by the swollen particle. In addition, considering the control paste, cement pastes containing hydrogels exhibited less autogenous shrinkage. The influence of hydrogels on autogenous shrinkage was found to be chemically dependent; the hydrogel with a delayed desorption rate displayed significantly low shrinkage in cement paste. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Keywords: cement hydrogel nanosilica self-healing water glass

MDPI | Art. 278 | EID: 2-s2.0-85129916991

Developed Design of Battle Royale Optimizer for the Optimum Identification of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

2022

Karamnejadi Azar K.; Kakouee A.; Mollajafari M.; Majdi A.; Ghadimi N.; Ghadamyari M.

Sustainability (Switzerland) , Vol. 14 (16)

64 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 20711050

Department of Electrical Engineering, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, 57169-63896, Iran; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University Ayatollah, Amol, 46351-43358, Iran; Automotive Electrical and Electronics Laboratory, School of Automotive Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran; Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Young Researchers and Elite Club, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, 56157-31567, Iran; Department of Industrial Engineering, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, 06760, Turkey; Department of Computer Engineering, Lebanese French University, Erbil, 44001, Iraq; Department of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 19839-69411, Iran

One of the most appropriate electricity production systems is solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), which are important because they are highly efficient, flexible to fuel, and have fewer environmental degradation effects. A new optimum technique has been provided for providing well-organized unknown parameters identification of the solid oxide fuel cell system. The main idea is to achieve the lowest amount of the sum of square error between the model’s output voltage and the empirical voltage datapoints. To get efficient results, the minimum error value has been achieved by designing a new metaheuristic algorithm, called the Developed version of Battle Royale algorithm. The reason for using this version of Battle Royale algorithm is to achieve results with higher accuracy and better convergence. The proposed technique was then applied to a 96-cell SOFC stack under different temperature and pressure values and its achievements were compared with several different latest methods to show the proposed method’s efficiency. © 2022 by the authors.

Keywords: Developed Battle Royale algorithm parameter estimation sensitivity analysis solid oxide fuel cell

MDPI | Art. 9882 | EID: 2-s2.0-85137259791

Ecological footprint and economic assessment of conventional and geopolymer concrete for sustainable construction

2022

Akhtar N.; Ahmad T.; Husain D.; Majdi A.; Alam M.T.; Husain N.; Wayal A.K.S.

Journal of Cleaner Production , Vol. 380

63 citations Article English ISSN: 09596526

Maulana Mukhtar Ahmad Nadvi Technical Campus, Malegaon, Maharashtra, Nashik, 423203, India; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia; Department of Building and Construction Engineering and Technologies, Al Mustaqbal University, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute, Matunga, Maharashtra, Mumbai, 400019, India

Cement is the binding material in conventional concrete which involves excess lime quarry and large volume of CO2 emission during its production. On the other hand, the geopolymer concrete is a cement-less concrete where materials such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, bottom ash, construction, and demolition waste etc. are utilized as binder (precursor) when activated with alkaline solution. In the present study, ecological footprint along with the mechanical properties and the incurred cost of the production of M30 conventional cement concrete prepared according to IS, ACI and DOE code of practices were assessed and compared with that of geopolymer concrete. Cement concrete prepared according to IS, ACI and DOE code of practice had the compressive strength of 41 MPa, 43 MPa and 32 MPa respectively at 28 days. The compressive strength of geopolymer concrete was found to be 48 MPa at 28 days which was higher than that of all the conventional concrete. But the ecological footprint and the cost of geopolymer concrete production was found to be lower than that of conventional concrete. The geopolymer concrete had the lowest ecological footprint or the bio-productive land requirement of 0.0224 gha/m3 when compared to that of conventional cement concrete. The conventional cement concrete prepared as per the IS code had the highest ecological footprint of 0.0546 gha/m3. Heat curing contributed to 44% and the material contributed to 46% in the total ecological footprint of geopolymer concrete. However, burden of energy incurred on heat curing can be further reduced by the use of non-conventional source of energy. The production of geopolymer concrete also provides a sustainable disposal option for industrial waste produced as a by-product. Therefore, geopolymer concrete could be seen as eco-friendly and economical alternate to conventional concrete in the era of sustainable development. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd

Keywords: Carbon emission Cement Conventional concrete Ecological footprint Fly ash Geopolymer concrete

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 134910 | EID: 2-s2.0-85141754452

Toxic effects on enzymatic activity, gene expression and histopathological biomarkers in organisms exposed to microplastics and nanoplastics: a review

2022

Patra I.; Huy D.T.N.; Alsaikhan F.; Opulencia M.J.C.; Van Tuan P.; Nurmatova K.C.; Majdi A.; Shoukat S.; Yasin G.; Margiana R.; Walker T.R.; Karbalaei S.

Environmental Sciences Europe , Vol. 34 (1)

59 citations Review Open Access English ISSN: 21904707

An Independent Researcher, NIT Durgapur, West Bengal, Durgapur, India; Banking University HCM Ho Chi Minh city Vietnam, International University of Japan, Niigata, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia; College of Business Administration, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; National Economics University (NEU), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Public Health, Healthcare Management and Physical Culture, Tashkent State Dental Institute, Makhtumkuli 103, Tashkent, 100147, Uzbekistan; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillal, 51001, Iraq; Department of Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Botany, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Master’s Programme Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia; School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 4R2, NS, Canada; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) have become an important global environmental issue due to their widespread contamination in the environment. This review summarizes existing literature on the effects of MPs/NPs on three important biomarkers including enzymatic activity, gene expression, and histopathology in various organisms from 2016 to 2021 and suggests a path forward for future research. Application of enzymatic activity, gene expression, and histopathology biomarkers are increasingly used in experimental toxicology studies of MPs/NPs because of their early signs of environmental stress to organisms. Between 2016 to 2021, 70% of published studies focused on aquatic organisms, compared to terrestrial organisms. Zebrafish were widely used as a model organism to study adverse impacts of MPs/NPs. Polystyrene (PS) were the most important polymer used in experimental toxicology studies of MPs/NPs. Fewer studies focused on the histopathological alterations compared to studies on enzymatic activity and gene expression of different organisms exposed to MPs/NPs. There is a growing need to better understand toxic effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of MPs/NPs on enzymatic activity, gene expression, and histopathology biomarkers of both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. © 2022, The Author(s).

Keywords: Enzyme activity Gene expression Histopathology Microplastics (MPs) Nanoplastics (NPs)

Springer | Art. 80 | EID: 2-s2.0-85137985666

Concrete Reinforced with Sisal Fibers (SSF): Overview of Mechanical and Physical Properties

2022

Ahmad J.; Majdi A.; Deifalla A.F.; Ben Kahla N.; El-Shorbagy M.A.

Crystals , Vol. 12 (7)

56 citations Review Open Access English ISSN: 20734352

Department of Civil Engineering, Military College of Engineering, Risalpur, Pakistan; Department of Building and Construction Technologies and Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, 11845, Egypt; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia; Department of Mathematics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia; Sub Campus of National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan

Concrete is a commonly used building material; however, it is subject to abrupt failure and limited energy absorption when yielding. The use of short discrete fibers has displayed a lot of potential in overcoming these issues. Sisal is a natural fiber that is renewable, inexpensive, and readily accessible. SSF is a potential reinforcement for use in concrete because of its cheap cost, low density, high specific strength and modulus, negligible health risk, easy accessibility in certain states, and renewability. In current centuries, there has been growing importance in discovering new uses for SSF-reinforced concrete, which is normally utilized to make ropes, mats, carpets, and other decorative items. This article gives an overview of current advancements in SSF and composites. The qualities of SSF, the interface between SSF and the matrix, and SSF-reinforced properties such as fresh, mechanical strength, and durability have all been examined. The results show that SSF increased strength and durability while decreasing its flowability. The review also provides suggestions for further work. © 2022 by the authors.

Keywords: compressive strength concrete durability natural fibers sustainable concrete

MDPI | Art. 952 | EID: 2-s2.0-85138060736

Basalt Fibers Reinforced Concrete: Strength and Failure Modes

2022

AL-Kharabsheh B.N.; Arbili M.M.; Majdi A.; Alogla S.M.; Hakamy A.; Ahmad J.; Deifalla A.F.

Materials , Vol. 15 (20)

50 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 19961944

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Albayt University, Al-Mafraq, 25113, Jordan; Department of Information Technology, Choman Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, 44001, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia; Department of Civil Engineering, Military College of Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sub Campus, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan; Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, 11845, Egypt

The low tensile capacity of concrete often results in brittle failure without any warning. One way to cope with this issue is to add fibers and essentially improve the tensile strength (TS) behavior of concrete and offset its undesirable brittle failure. In recent investigations, basalt fibers (BFs), as compared to a variety of other kinds of fiber, have attracted the attention of researchers. In that respect, BFs exhibit several benefits, such as excellent elastic properties, great strength, high elastic modulus, higher thermal stability, and decent chemical stability. Although many researchers have reported that BFs can be embedded in concrete to improve the tensile capacity, a more profound understanding of its contribution is still needed. However, the information is scattered and it is difficult for the reader to identify the benefits of BFs. Therefore, a detailed assessment is essential to summarize all relevant information and provide an easy path for the reader. This review (part Ⅰ) summarizes all the relevant information, including flow properties, strength properties, and failure modes. Results reveal that BFs can greatly enhance the strength properties and change the brittle nature of concrete to one of ductility. However, it unfavorably impacts the flowability of concrete. Furthermore, the optimal proportion is shown to be important as a higher dose can adversely affect the strength of concrete, due to a deficiency of flowability. The typical range of the ideal incorporation of BFs varies from 0.5 to 1.5%. Finally, the review also indicates the research gap for future research studies that must be cautiously explored before being used in the real world. © 2022 by the authors.

Keywords: basalt fiber compressive strength crack prevention failure modes flowability

MDPI | Art. 7350 | EID: 2-s2.0-85140955477

Effect of Bentonite as Partial Replacement of Cement on Residual Properties of Concrete Exposed to Elevated Temperatures

2022

Farhan Mushtaq S.; Ali A.; Khushnood R.A.; Tufail R.F.; Majdi A.; Nawaz A.; Durdyev S.; Burduhos Nergis D.D.; Ahmad J.

Sustainability (Switzerland) , Vol. 14 (18)

47 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 20711050

NUST Institute of Civil Engineering (NICE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan; Department of Civil Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah, 47040, Pakistan; Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Department of Engineering and Architectural Studies, Ara Institute of Canterbury, 130 Madras Street, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand; Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, 700050, Romania; Department of Civil Engineering, Swedish College of Engineering, Wah Cantt, Wah, 47040, Pakistan

This study investigated the effect of elevated temperature on the mechanical, physical and durability properties of normal strength concrete, modified with bentonite. The bentonite concrete was cast by substituting cement with bentonite content in proportions of 5, 10 and 15% by weight. Mechanical tests were conducted (compressive and splitting tensile strength). Furthermore, durability performance (mass loss and sorptivity) and specimen properties (elastic modulus, stress–strain behaviour, ductility and energy absorption) were evaluated and discussed. The results demonstrated that samples incorporating bentonite showed better fire endurance than the control mix. The inclusion of bentonite in concrete decreased the mass loss of the specimens exposed to high temperatures. The performance of bentonite concrete was better in terms of mechanical behaviour (compressive and tensile strength) than that of conventional concrete, and it had high resistance to water absorption. Higher ductility and energy absorption capacity were observed for the concrete specimen containing bentonite than its counterpart control specimens. © 2022 by the authors.

Keywords: bentonite compressive strength concrete ductility mass loss sorptivity

MDPI | Art. 11580 | EID: 2-s2.0-85138955518

Concrete Made with Iron Ore Tailings as a Fine Aggregate: A Step towards Sustainable Concrete

2022

Arbili M.M.; Alqurashi M.; Majdi A.; Ahmad J.; Deifalla A.F.

Materials , Vol. 15 (18)

45 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 19961944

Department of Information Technology, Choman Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, 44001, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia; Department of Building and Construction and Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, Military College of Engineering (NUST), Resulpur, 24080, Pakistan; Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, 11845, Egypt

The need for low-cost raw materials is driven by the fact that iron ore tailings, a prevalent kind of hazardous solid waste, have created major environmental issues. Although many studies have focused on using iron ore tailing (IOT) in concrete and have reported positive results, readers may find it difficult to accurately assess the behaviors of IOT in concrete due to the scattered nature of the information. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of IOT in concrete is necessary. This paper thoroughly reviews the characteristics of concrete that contains IOT such as fresh properties, mechanical properties and durability at different age of curing. The outcome of this review indicates that by using IOT, concrete’s mechanical properties and durability improved, but its flowability decreased. Compressive strength of concrete with 20% substitution of IOT is 14% more than reference concrete. Furthermore, up to 40% substitution of IOT produces concrete that has sufficient flowability and compactability. Scan electronic microscopy results indicate a weak interfacial transition zone (ITZ). The optimum IOT dosage is important since a greater dose may decrease the strength properties and durability owing to a lack of fluidity. Depending on the physical and chemical composition of IOT, the average value of optimum percentages ranges from 30 to 40%. The assessment also recommends areas of unsolved research for future investigations. © 2022 by the authors.

Keywords: durability and microstructure analysis iron ore tailings sustainable concrete

MDPI | Art. 6236 | EID: 2-s2.0-85138733978

Overview of Concrete Performance Made with Waste Rubber Tires: A Step toward Sustainable Concrete

2022

Ahmad J.; Zhou Z.; Majdi A.; Alqurashi M.; Deifalla A.F.

Materials , Vol. 15 (16)

45 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 19961944

Department of Disaster Mitigation for Structures, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Department of Building and Construction Technologies and Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia; Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, 11845, Egypt

Utilizing scrap tire rubber by incorporating it into concrete is a valuable option. Many researchers are interested in using rubber tire waste in concrete. The possible uses of rubber tires in concrete, however, are dispersed and unclear. Therefore, a compressive analysis is necessary to identify the benefits and drawbacks of rubber tires for concrete performance. For examination, the important areas of concrete freshness, durability, and strength properties were considered. Additionally, several treatments and a microstructure investigation were included. Although it has much promise, there are certain obstacles that prevent it from being used as an aggregate in large numbers, such as the rubber’s weak structural strength and poor binding performance with the cement matrix. Rubber, however, exhibits mechanical strength comparable to reference concrete up to 20%. The evaluation also emphasizes the need for new research to advance rubberized concrete for future generations. © 2022 by the authors.

Keywords: aggregate compressive strength concrete durability treatments waste tires

MDPI | Art. 5518 | EID: 2-s2.0-85137671252

A Study on Sustainable Concrete with Partial Substitution of Cement with Red Mud: A Review

2022

Qureshi H.J.; Ahmad J.; Majdi A.; Saleem M.U.; Al Fuhaid A.F.; Arifuzzaman M.

Materials , Vol. 15 (21)

40 citations Review Open Access English ISSN: 19961944

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Department of Civil Engineering, Swedish College of Engineering, Wah Cantt, 47070, Pakistan; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Service Stream Limited Co, Chatswood, 2067, NSW, Australia

Every year, millions of tons of red mud (RDM) are created across the globe. Its storage is a major environmental issue due to its high basicity and tendency for leaching. This material is often kept in dams, necessitating previous attention to the disposal location, as well as monitoring and maintenance during its useful life. As a result, it is critical to develop an industrial solution capable of consuming large quantities of this substance. Many academics have worked for decades to create different cost-effective methods for using RMD. One of the most cost-effective methods is to use RMD in cement manufacture, which is also an effective approach for large-scale RMD recycling. This article gives an overview of the use of RMD in concrete manufacturing. Other researchers’ backgrounds were considered and examined based on fresh characteristics, mechanical properties, durability, microstructure analysis, and environmental impact analysis. The results show that RMD enhanced the mechanical properties and durability of concrete while reducing its fluidity. Furthermore, by integrating 25% of RDM, the environmental consequences of cumulative energy demand (CED), global warming potential (GWP), and major criteria air pollutants (CO, NOX, Pb, and SO2) were minimized. In addition, the review assesses future researcher guidelines for concrete with RDM to improve performance. © 2022 by the authors.

Keywords: durability eco-friendly concrete mechanical strength red mud slump

MDPI | Art. 7761 | EID: 2-s2.0-85141824520

A Review on Sustainable Concrete with the Partially Substitutions of Silica Fume as a Cementitious Material

2022

Ahmad J.; Abid S.R.; Arbili M.M.; Majdi A.; Hakamy A.; Deifalla A.F.

Sustainability (Switzerland) , Vol. 14 (19)

39 citations Review Open Access English ISSN: 20711050

Department of Civil Engineering, Military College of Engineering, Sub Campus of National University of Sciences and Technology, Risalpur, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan; Department of Civil Engineering, Wasit University, Kut, 52003, Iraq; Department of Information Technology, Choman Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, 44001, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Department of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia; Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, 11845, Egypt

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) uses a lot of natural resources, much like regular concrete, which results in unsustainable construction. Even though silica fume (SF) and other secondary cementitious materials are the subjects of a lot of studies, to determine the past, present, and future direction of research, information must first be reviewed. This paper compiles data on SSC with SF substations. Slump flow, slump T50, L-box, and V-funnel tests were used to investigate fresh SCC properties, such as filling and passing capabilities. Mechanical properties were examined using compressive, tensile, and flexure strength, while the durability characteristics of SCC were examined through water absorption, porosity, sorptivity, and chloride resistance. The internal structure of SCC, with and without SF, is reviewed through scan electronic microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that SF lacked the filling and passing ability of SCC, but is still within the limit defined by the technical specification for SCC. However, the study suggests a larger dosage of plasticizer for a higher dose of SF. Improvements in SCC’s strength and durability were also seen; however, greater doses had a negative impact on these attributes due to an absence of flowability. Researchers recommended the ideal SF dosage ranges from 10 to 15% by volume of cement. The assessment also reveals research gaps that need to be addressed. © 2022 by the authors.

Keywords: concrete durability filling and passing ability microstructure analysis self-compacting concrete

MDPI | Art. 12075 | EID: 2-s2.0-85139953989

Concrete Made with Partially Substitutions of Copper Slag (CPS): State of the Art Review

2022

Ahmad J.; Majdi A.; Deifalla A.F.; Isleem H.F.; Rahmawati C.

Materials , Vol. 15 (15)

38 citations Review Open Access English ISSN: 19961944

Department of Civil Engineering, Military College of Engineering, Risalpur, Pakistan; Department of Building and Construction Technologies and Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, 11845, Egypt; Department of Construction Management, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011, China; Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Abulyatama, Aceh Besar, 23372, Indonesia; Sub Campus of Natioanl University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan

Copper slag (CPS) is a large amount of waste material produced during the manufacture of copper. The disposal of this waste material becomes a problem for environmental concerns. Therefore, it is necessary to explore feasible alternate disposal options. They may also be utilized in concrete manufacturing to cut down on the usage of cement and natural aggregates. A lot of researchers focus on utilizing CPS in concrete, either as a cement replacement or as a filler material. This article aims to summarize the literature already carried out on CPS in conventional concrete to identify the influence of CPS on the fresh, hardened and durability performance of cement concrete. Results indicate that CPS improved the strength and durability performance of concrete but simultaneously decreased the slump value of concrete. Furthermore, an increase in the durability performance of concrete was also observed with CPS. However, the higher dose results declined in mechanical and durability aspects owing to a scarcity of flowability. Therefore, it is suggested to use the optimum dose of CPS. However, a different researcher recommends a different optimum dose ranging from 50 to 60% by weight of fine aggregate depending on the source of CPS. The review also recommends future researcher guidelines on CPS in concrete. © 2022 by the authors.

Keywords: chemical composition and microstructure analysis copper slag flowability mechanical strength

MDPI | Art. 5196 | EID: 2-s2.0-85137146278

Concrete Made with Dune Sand: Overview of Fresh, Mechanical and Durability Properties

2022

Ahmad J.; Majdi A.; Deifalla A.F.; Qureshi H.J.; Saleem M.U.; Qaidi S.M.A.; El-Shorbagy M.A.

Materials , Vol. 15 (17)

34 citations Review Open Access English ISSN: 19961944

Department of Civil Engineering, Military College of Engineering, Risalpur, 4707, Pakistan; Department of Building and Construction Technologies Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, 11845, Egypt; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Service Stream Limited Co, Chatswood, 2067, NSW, Australia; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Duhok, Duhok, 42001, Iraq; Department of Mathematics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia

According to the authors’ best information, the majority of research focuses on other waste materials, such as recycling industrial waste (glass, silica fume, marble and waste foundry sand), etc. However, some researchers suggest dune sand as an alternative material for concrete production, but knowledge is still scarce. Therefore, a comprehensive review is required on dune sand to evaluate its current progress as well as its effects on the strength and durability properties of concrete. The review presents detailed literature on dune sand in concrete. The important characteristics of concrete such as slump, compressive, flexural, cracking behaviors, density, water absorption and sulfate resistance were considered for analysis. Results indicate that dune sand can be used in concrete up to 40% without any negative effect on strength and durability. The negative impact of dune sand on strength and durability was due to poor grading and fineness, which restricts the complete (100%) substation of dune sand. Furthermore, a decrease in flowability was observed. Finally, the review highlights the research gap for future studies. © 2022 by the authors.

Keywords: compressive strength dune sand durability fine aggregate tensile strength

MDPI | Art. 6152 | EID: 2-s2.0-85137877154

Economic Performance of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System with Optimal Design of Resources

2022

Dwijendra N.K.A.; Sharma S.; Asary A.R.; Majdi A.; Muda I.; Mutlak D.A.; Parra R.M.R.; Hammid A.T.

Environmental and Climate Technologies , Vol. 26 (1), pp. 441-453

32 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 22558837

Department Of Architecture, Faculty Of Engineering, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia; Chitkara Business School, Chitkara University, Punjab, India; Energy Science And Engineering, University Of Naples, Parthenope, Naples, Italy; Department Of Building And Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Department Of Doctoral Program, Faculty Economic And Business, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia; Al-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq; Department Of General Studies, Universidad Continental, Lima, Peru; Computer Engineering Techniques Department, Faculty Of Information Technology, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq

The renewable energy is expanding in the sub-systems of distribution electrical grids, due to having low energy costs and high reliability. In this study, off-grid design of the hybrid energy system based-renewable resources is proposed for a house in Hamadan city in Iran. The resources are designed based on economic and climate data such as battery, solar cells, wind turbines, and electrolyser/fuel cell. The design of mentioned resources is done with attention to twofold optimization modelling including operation cost (OC) and net present cost (NPC). The modelling of resources is implemented in HOMER software based on optimal sizing and installation costs. In the numerical simulation, the three optimal designs are presented to meet electrical demand with minimum costs and high reliability. © 2022 Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra et al., published by Sciendo.

Keywords: Economic and climate data Optimal designs Optimal sizing Renewable resources Twofold optimization

Sciendo | EID: 2-s2.0-85134015511

A novel method for Indoor Air Quality Control of Smart Homes using a Machine learning model

2022

Majdi A.; Alrubaie A.J.; Al-Wardy A.H.; Baili J.; Panchal H.

Advances in Engineering Software , Vol. 173

32 citations Article English ISSN: 09659978

Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babil, Hilla, Iraq; Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babil, Hilla, Iraq; Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Gujarat, Patan, India

Smart buildings are one of the areas of interest for researchers today and are of special importance in large buildings. Air quality control in buildings is one of the crucial issues in this field that is directly related to the health and efficiency of people inside the building. This article presents a model for predicting indoor air quality, considering the importance of smart buildings and the need to provide new solutions for their smart management. Kian Center 2 commercial office center in Mashhad, Iran, with fifteen air conditioners used in current research article. Data are collected from this project's control and monitoring system on different days and hours, and air quality is performed using a neural network of the radial base function. The neural network of the radial base function has three inputs: temperature, air humidity, and carbon dioxide. The network output includes volatile organic compounds in the air. The inputs are collected from the return air sensors in the air conditioners and the amount of volatile organic compounds from the sensor located in the peripheral area of the food court floor. Input data and qualities are used as network output for training, including 1104 samples from 138 days from the beginning of May to mid-August 2021 and test data including 24 samples in three days, 15, 16, and 17 August (8 h every day). The grid is tested with different radii of the Gaussian function, and the results are reported. The proposed model could learn the pattern of temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide data on air quality and generate predictions with a 3% error. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd

Keywords: Artificial intelligence Forecasting Indoor Air Quality Neural network Radial base function

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 103253 | EID: 2-s2.0-85137160059

New optimized configuration for a hybrid PV/diesel/battery system based on coyote optimization algorithm: A case study for Hotan county

2022

Sari A.; Majdi A.; Opulencia M.J.C.; Timoshin A.; Huy D.T.N.; Trung N.D.; Alsaikhan F.; Hammid A.T.; Akhmedov A.

Energy Reports , Vol. 8, pp. 15480-15492

29 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 23524847

Department of Management Information Systems, Girne American University, via Mersin 10, North Cyprus, Kyrenia, Turkey; Al Mustaqbal University College, Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Iraq; College of Business Administration, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Department of Propaedeutics of Dental Diseases, Russian Federation; Banking University HCMC Ho Chi Minh city, Viet Nam; International University of Japan, Niigata, Japan; National Economics University (NEU), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia; Computer Engineering Department, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Informatics and Teaching Methods, named after Nizami, Bunyodkor street 27, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

The main objective of this study is to present a multi-objective and optimal hybrid PV/diesel generator/ battery Renewable Energy System (HRES) to provide this reliability in the Hotan county, placed in Taklamakan Desert. This study uses the ɛ-constraint method along with a developed version of the coyote optimization algorithm to achieve the best values of the component sized to decrease the loss of load probability, CO2 emission value, and the annualized cost of the system. Sensitivity analysis also is performed to show each component's impact on the system. The results demonstrate that the DG backup system improves the yearly cost of the system from 8347.2 $ to 9318.4 $, which shows about 10.42% increasing by increasing the fuel consumption. Here, the LLP increases from 0% to 9.19% and the CO2 emissions improve from 2531.2 kg/yr to 13257 kg/yr. Accordingly, the COE value is reduced from 0.39 $/kWh to 0.24 $/kWh over the PV penetration, reducing from 92.27% to 59.42%. This decreasing indicates that the system fuel cost has more impact than the cost of PV on the COE, which is due to the low cost required of conventional power production than the PV system. The results also indicate a noteworthy upshot on the battery storage unit size such that the size of ɛCO has been enhanced from 27.4 kWh to 50 kWh in the range from 7000 kg/year to 25 kg/year. The results also are compared with the PSO-based optimal system and HOMER software results to show its excellence toward them. © 2022 The Author(s)

Keywords: Coyote optimization algorithm HOMER Hybrid renewable energy system Improved Multi-objective optimization Sensitivity analysis Taklamakan desert ɛ-constraint method

Elsevier Ltd | EID: 2-s2.0-85142501409

A Review on Strength and Durability Properties of Wooden Ash Based Concrete

2022

AL-Kharabsheh B.N.; Arbili M.M.; Majdi A.; Ahmad J.; Deifalla A.F.; Hakamy A.

Materials , Vol. 15 (20)

28 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 19961944

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Albayt University, Al-Mafraq, 25113, Jordan; Department of Information Technology, Choman Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, 44001, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, Military College of Engineering, Sub Campus of National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan; Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, 11845, Egypt; Department of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia

The partial replacement of cement in concrete with other building materials has come to light because of research on industrial waste and sustainable building practices. Concrete is made more affordable by using such components, and it also helps to ease disposal worries. Ash made by burning wood and other wood products is one example of such a substance. Many researchers focused on the utilization of wooden ash (WA) as a construction material. However, information is scattered, and no one can easily judge the impact of WA on concrete properties which restrict its use. Therefore, a details review is required which collect the past and current progress on WA as a construction material. relevant information. This review aims to collect all the relevant information including the general back of WA, physical and chemical aspects of WA, the impact of WA on concrete fresh properties, strength properties, and durability aspects in addition to microstructure analysis. The results indicate the WA decreased the slump and increased the setting time. Strength and durability properties improved with the substitution of WA due to pozzolanic reaction and micro-filling effects. However, the optimum dose is important. Different research recommends different optimum doses depending on source mix design etc. However, the majority of researcher suggests a 10% optimum substitution of WA. The review also concludes that, although WA has the potential to be used as a concrete ingredient but less researchers focused on WA as compared to other waste materials such as fly ash and silica fume etc. © 2022 by the authors.

Keywords: and acid attacks compressive strength concrete setting time wooden ash

MDPI | Art. 7282 | EID: 2-s2.0-85140988483

Feasibility Study on Concrete Made with Substitution of Quarry Dust: A Review

2022

AL-Kharabsheh B.N.; Moafak Arbili M.; Majdi A.; Ahmad J.; Deifalla A.F.; Hakamy A.; Majed Alqawasmeh H.

Sustainability (Switzerland) , Vol. 14 (22)

26 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 20711050

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Albayt University, Al Mafraq, 25113, Jordan; Department of Information Technology, Choman Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, 44001, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, Military College of Engineering, Sub Campus of National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan; Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, 11845, Egypt; Department of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia; Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Huson College, Al-Balqa’ Applied University, Irbid, 19117, Jordan

Concrete mechanical properties could be improved through adding different materials at the mixing stage. Quarry dust (QD) is the waste produced by manufactured sand machines and comprise approximately 30–40% of the total quantity of QD generated. When it dries, it transforms into a fine dust that poses a tremendous hazard to the environment by contaminating the soil and water and seriously endangering human health. QD utilization in concrete is one of the best options. Though a lot of scholars focus on imitation of QD in concrete, knowledge is scattered, and a detailed review is required. This review collects the information regarding QD-based concrete, including fresh properties, strength, durability, and microstructure analysis. The results indicate that QD is suitable for concrete to a certain extent, but higher percentages adversely affect properties of concrete due to absence of fluidity. The review also indicates that up to 40–50% substitution of QD as a fine aggregate can be utilized in concrete with no harmful effects on strength and durability. Furthermore, although QD possesses cementitious properties and can be used as cement substitute to some extent, less research has explored this area. © 2022 by the authors.

Keywords: concrete durability quarry dust scan electronic microscopy slump

MDPI | Art. 15304 | EID: 2-s2.0-85142680751

Remediation of mine polluted soil with nano-enhanced materials: Development of extreme learning machine approaches

2022

Ji M.; AL-Huqail A.A.; Majdi A.; Liu H.; Ali I.; Marzouki R.

Chemosphere , Vol. 307

24 citations Article English ISSN: 00456535

Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-route Project of South-North Water Diversion of Henan Province, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China; College of Water Resource and Environment Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China; Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O.Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al- Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; College of Surveying and Geo-information, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, College of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Al-Kharj, 16273, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia

Successful mining soil reclamation promotes ecosystem recovery, reduces negative environmental effects, adds more area for forestry or agricultural purposes, and increases carbon (C) sequestration. In order to increase soil erosion management, improve soil quality, reduce pollutants, and assure safe land application of traditional amendment materials, nanoparticles with exceptionally high deliverability and reactivity may be used as amendments. Iron oxide is being researched for the remediation of industrial soil that is co-contaminated with arsenic (AS) due to the absence of Nano enhanced materials for mine soil reclamation. In order to improve the soil quality of a mine waste that was heavily polluted with As (1807 mg/kg), the effects of iron oxide on the non-specifically and specifically-sorbed As were investigated. Iron oxide was added to the polluted soil at concentrations of 0.5 percent, 2 percent, and 5 percent (w/w). The goal of this work is to define the effect of iron oxide and Zero Valent I nanoparticles (nZVI) in reducing the contamination of soil by the use of soft computing models of extreme learning machines (ELM) with particle swarm optimization (PSO). In this case, the hybrid ELM-PSO has shown good performance as a trustworthy approach after the regression study of RMSE, R-square, and r. The addition of iron oxide dosages decreased the easily accessible As by 92.4 when compared to the untreated soil, with the 5 percent doses having a noticeably greater effect. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd

Keywords: Arsenic Artificial intelligence ELM-PSO-GA Iron oxide Mine Nano-enhanced material Soil

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 135772 | EID: 2-s2.0-85136102476

Adaptive Salp Swarm Algorithm for Optimization of Geotechnical Structures

2022

Khajehzadeh M.; Iraji A.; Majdi A.; Keawsawasvong S.; Nehdi M.L.

Applied Sciences (Switzerland) , Vol. 12 (13)

22 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 20763417

Department of Civil Engineering, Anar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Anar, 77419-43615, Iran; Engineering Faculty of Khoy, Urmia University of Technology, Urmia, 57166-93188, Iran; Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, Thammasat School of Engineering, Thammasat University, Bangkok, 10200, Thailand; Department of Civil Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4M6, ON, Canada

Based on the salp swarm algorithm (SSA), this paper proposes an efficient metaheuristic algorithm for solving global optimization problems and optimizing two commonly encountered geotechnical engineering structures: reinforced concrete cantilever retaining walls and shallow spread foundations. Two new equations for the leader-and followers-position-updating procedures were introduced in the proposed adaptive salp swarm optimization (ASSA). This change improved the algorithm’s exploration capabilities while preventing it from converging prematurely. Benchmark test functions were used to confirm the proposed algorithm’s performance, and the results were compared to the SSA and other effective optimization algorithms. A Wilcoxon’s rank sum test was performed to evaluate the pairwise statistical performances of the algorithms, and it indicated the significant superiority of the ASSA. The new algorithm can also be used to optimize low-cost retaining walls and foundations. In the analysis and design procedures, both geotechnical and structural limit states were used. Two case studies of retaining walls and spread foundations were solved using the proposed methodology. According to the simulation results, ASSA outperforms alternative models and demonstrates the ability to produce better optimal solutions. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Keywords: economic design retaining structures salp swarm optimizer spread foundation

MDPI | Art. 6749 | EID: 2-s2.0-85133711835

Evaluation of the fresh and mechanical properties of nano-engineered self compacting concrete containing graphite nano/micro platelets

2022

Tufail R.F.; Naeem M.H.; Ahmad J.; Waheed H.; Majdi A.; Farooq D.; Maqsoom A.; Butt F.

Case Studies in Construction Materials , Vol. 17

20 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 22145095

Civil Engineering Department, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah, 47040, Pakistan; Civil Engineering Department, Swedish College of Engineering and Technology, Wah, 47040, Pakistan; Department of Building and Construction Technologies Engineering Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, 47080, Pakistan

The graphite nano/micro platelets (GNMPs) offer distinct features for the effective reinforcement of cementitious matrices in the behaviors of concrete. The thoroughly dispersed and well-bonded nanomaterials provide effective control of the size and propagation of defects (microcracks) in the matrix and also act as closely spaced barriers against diffusion of moisture and aggressive solutions into the concrete. Graphite nanomaterials can play multi-faceted roles in enhancing the mechanical and physical attributes of concrete materials. The GNMPs have to exhibit enhanced mechanical and other functionalities to be suitable for emerging structural applications. Although GNMPs improved some of the mechanical performance of concrete but less information is available particular the influence of (GNMPs) in self-compacting concrete (SSC). Therefore, in this research an innovative nano-engineered self-compacting concrete was prepared using 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5% GNMPs. The rheological properties were assessed through slump flow, v funnel, v funnel at T5 minute, L box test while mechanical performance was assessed through compressive and tensile tests. The microstructural properties of the self-compacting concrete (SSC) with GNMPs were investigated through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that the filling and passing ability of SCC improved with GNMPs. Furthermore, 0.3% addition of GNMPs shows 42% and 21.3% enhancement in compressive and tensile strength as compared to reference concrete respectively. Overall, the study demonstrated the effectiveness of GNMPs in SCC and may be applied in practical structural engineering applications. © 2022 The Authors

Keywords: GNMPs Mechanical Nano-engineered Nanomaterials Self-compacting

Elsevier Ltd | Art. e01165 | EID: 2-s2.0-85130802837

A smart building with integrated energy management: Steps toward the creation of a smart city

2022

Majdi A.; Dwijendra N.K.A.; Muda I.; Chetthamrongchai P.; Sivaraman R.; Hammid A.T.

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments , Vol. 53

19 citations Article English ISSN: 22131388

Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al- Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia; Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia; Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; Dwaraka Doss Goverdhan Doss Vaishnav College, University of Madras, Chennai, India; Bilad Alrafidain University College, Diyala, 32001, Iraq

This study was conducted the 7-story building in Jakarta, Indonesia and was selected as a research sample. The study aimed to enhancing smart buildings' energy management. Descriptive and analytical methods were used in this study. Analyzing the building's materials (Facade stone, cement sand mortar, Leca block, gypsum and soil mortar, gypsum soft with thermal resistance of 0.41 and heat capacity of 4.5), windows, and energy consumption, it was determined that the lighting sector consumes the most energy. Maximum energy consumption reduction in residential buildings occurs in the lighting sector, and the smart management system cuts residential energy consumption by up to 37%. In addition to providing security and peace of mind, system features such as alarms for natural and abnormal occurrences may also give safety. With the integration of smart management systems in residential buildings, such as security control devices, seismic controllers, imaging controllers, fire alarm systems, and fire extinguishing systems, building resilience will be increased. With the assistance of an smart management system, a reduction in energy consumption of between 20% and 27% will be accomplished. © 2022

Keywords: Energy management Numerical model Resilience Smart building

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 102663 | EID: 2-s2.0-85137174960

Mechanical, Durability and Microstructure Analysis Overview of Concrete Made with Metakaolin (MTK)

2022

Ahmad J.; Majdi A.; Arbili M.M.; Deifalla A.F.; Naqash M.T.

Buildings , Vol. 12 (9)

19 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 20755309

Department of Civil Engineering, Military College of Engineering, Sub Campus of National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan; Department of Building and Construction Technologies Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Department of Information Technology, Choman Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, 44001, Iraq; Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, 11845, Egypt; Civil Engineering Department, Islamic University in Madinah, Prince Naif Ibn Abdulaziz Street, Madinah, 42351, Saudi Arabia

Metakaolin (MTK) has received a lot of interest in the past two decades as a supplemental cementitious ingredient. MTK is actively being utilized in concrete and there is a large body of literature on the characteristics of concrete containing MTK. A rigorous evaluation of the use of MTK in concrete, however, is lacking, which is required to better know its (MTK) benefits, mechanisms, past and current progress. As a result, the objective of this study is to deliver an overview of MTK utilized in concrete. The physical and chemical characteristics of MTK, as well as the hydration, workability, mechanical qualities, hydration durability, and microstructure analysis of MTK-based concrete, are discussed. A comparison of the findings of diverse literature is presented, as well as some key recommendations. The findings suggest that adding MTK to concrete enhances certain characteristics, particularly mechanical capabilities, but decreases concrete flowability. Improvement in the durability of concrete with MTK was also observed but, for this, less information is available. For optimal performance, the right dosage is crucial. The typical ideal range is between 10 to 20% by weight of the binder. Further research gaps into the characteristics of concrete containing MTK are also recommended. © 2022 by the authors.

Keywords: mechanical and durability metakaolin supplementary cementitious materials sustainable concrete

MDPI | Art. 1401 | EID: 2-s2.0-85138742352

Compaction Curves and Strength of Clayey Soil Modified with Micro and Nano Silica

2022

Alshami A.W.; Ismael B.H.; Aswad M.F.; Majdi A.; Alshijlawi M.; Aljumaily M.M.; AlOmar M.K.; Aidan I.A.; Hameed M.M.

Materials , Vol. 15 (20)

17 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 19961944

Civil Engineering Department, Al-Maarif University College (AUC), Ramadi, 31001, Iraq; Civil Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, 10066, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Technics Engineering, Al Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Technical Institute of Anbar, Middle Technical University, Falluja, 31002, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Bangi, 43600, Malaysia

Some Clayey soils are generally categorized as weak soils, and structures lying on such soils have been exposed to severe damage. Therefore, the central thesis of this paper is the impact of a waste material known as a silica fume as nano and micro material on soil’s behaviour. To evaluate the effects of those additives on Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics and unconfined compressive strength, clayey soil samples have been transformed using micro and nano silica fume (by-product materials). In the current investigation, silica fume is used at four different percentages: 0, 2, 4, and 7%. The results show that the plasticity index of soil decreases with the addition of micro silica and increases with the addition of nano-silica. Increasing nano silica percentage improves the dry density of the compacted soil and reduces the optimum moisture content. An opposite behavior is observed with adding micro silica to compacted soil. Finally, 4% of silica fume is found to be the optimum dosage to improve the unconfined compressive strength of the treated soil with both additives. As a result, treating the weak clay soil with micro and/or nano-silica fume has the potential to be impactful. © 2022 by the authors.

Keywords: clayey soil nanomaterial silica fume soil improvement

MDPI | Art. 7148 | EID: 2-s2.0-85140845357

Energy Simulation and Parametric Analysis of Water Cooled Thermal Photovoltaic Systems: Energy and Exergy Analysis of Photovoltaic Systems

2022

Candra O.; Kumar N.B.; Dwijendra N.K.A.; Patra I.; Majdi A.; Rahardja U.; Kosov M.; Guerrero J.W.G.; Sivaraman R.

Sustainability (Switzerland) , Vol. 14 (22)

16 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 20711050

Department Teknik Elektro, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, 25131, Indonesia; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vignan’s Foundation for Science Technology and Research, Guntur, 522213, India; Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University, Bali, 80361, Indonesia; An Independent Researcher, National Institute of Technology (NIT) Durgapur, Durgapur, 713209, India; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Raharja, Banten, 15117, Indonesia; Department of State and Municipal Finance, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Stremyanny Lane 36, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation; Department of Public Finance, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 080002, Russian Federation; Department of Energy, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, 080002, Colombia; Department of Mathematics, Dwaraka Doss Goverdhan Doss Vaishnav College, University of Madras, Chennai, 600005, India

It is generally agreed that solar energy, which can be converted into usable electricity by means of solar panels, is one of the most important renewable energy sources. An energy and exergy study of these panels is the first step in developing this technology. This will provide a fair standard by which solar panel efficiency can be evaluated. In this study, the MATLAB tool was used to find the answers to the math problems that describe this system. The system’s efficiency has been calculated using the modeled data created in MATLAB. When solving equations, the initial value of the independent system parameters is fed into the computer in accordance with the algorithm of the program. A simulation and a parametric analysis of a thermal PV system with a sheet and spiral tube configuration have been completed. Simulations based on a numerical model have been run to determine where precisely the sheet and helical tubes should be placed in a PV/T system configured for cold water. Since then, the MATLAB code for the proposed model has been developed, and it agrees well with the experimental data. There is an RMSE of 0.94 for this model. The results indicate that the modeled sample achieves a thermal efficiency of between 43% and 52% and an electrical efficiency of between 11% and 11.5%. © 2022 by the authors.

Keywords: energy efficiency exergy efficiency photovoltaic cell solar power thermal photovoltaic

MDPI | Art. 15074 | EID: 2-s2.0-85142702572

Molecular dynamics simulation of friction process in atomic structures with spherical nanoparticles

2022

Xia J.S.; Majdi A.; Toghraie D.

Solid State Communications , Vol. 346

13 citations Article English ISSN: 00381098

College of Mechanical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Jiangsu, Yancheng, 224051, China; Al- Mustaqbal University College, Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Hilla, Iraq; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khomeinishahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khomeinishahr, Iran

This research investigates the friction process in atomic structures with spherical nanoparticles using the molecular dynamics simulation method. In the simulations performed, the aluminum sample is considered a substrate, the copper sample as nanoparticles, and the iron sample as the target structure. In the first step of the study, the thermodynamic equilibrium of these compounds in terms of temperature and total energy is investigated. As a result, the temperature converges to 300 K, and total energy converges to −270 eV. The results show the equilibrium in atomic structures and indicate the proper selection of atomic positions and interatomic interactions in the simulated samples. Also, some parameters such as friction process in atomic structures in terms of simulation temperature, process friction in atomic structures in terms of the number of simulated nanoparticles, and the friction process in atomic structures in terms of the target structure's velocity are investigated. The results show that as the simulated system's temperature increases, the friction effect on the simulated matrix increases. As the velocity of the target structure increases, the contact time between the atomic structures decreases. Finally, As the maximum force applied to the target metal matrix decreases, it is expected that the amplitude of atomic oscillation of the structures decreases, resulting in a decrease in the mobility and the maximum temperature in the atomic structures. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd

Keywords: Atomic structures Friction process Molecular dynamics simulation Nanoparticles

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 114717 | EID: 2-s2.0-85125470999

Oxygen reduction reaction on metal-doped nanotubes and nanocages for fuel cells

2022

Salahdin O.D.; Majdi A.; Opulencia M.J.C.; Taban T.Z.; Hammid A.T.; Zhao X.

Ionics , Vol. 28 (7), pp. 3409-3419

13 citations Retracted English ISSN: 09477047

Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Maarif University College, Anbar- Ramadi, Iraq; Al- Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Iraq; College of Business Administration, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Laser and Optoelectronics Engineering Department, Kut University College, Al kut, Wasit, 52001, Iraq; Computer Engineering Techniques Department, Faculty of Information Technology, Imam Ja’afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq; Independent Researcher, Beijing, China

The ORR on surfaces of Ni-SiNT, Ni2-SiNT, Pt2-CNT, and Pt2-Si82 catalysts are investigated and compared with platinum metal catalysts. The structure–activity parameters for Ni-SiNT, Ni2-SiNT, Pt2-CNT, and Pt2-Si82 and their complexes with species are calculated and compared. The *OOH-nano-compounds can perform the pathway 1 which includes the reactions c, d, and e and pathway 2 which contains the reactions f, g, and h. When the amounts of U for ORR on Ni-SiNT, Ni2-SiNT, Pt2-CNT, and Pt2-Si82 are reached to 0.82, 0.85, 0.80, and 0.78 V, the reactions are downhill. Over-potential for ORR on Ni-SiNT, Ni2-SiNT, Pt2-CNT, and Pt2-Si82 are 0.41, 0.38, 0.43, and 0.45 V, respectively. The Ni2-SiNT can better catalyze the ORR than Ni-SiNT, Pt2-CNT, and Pt2-Si82 by lower over-potential. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Keywords: Fuel cell Metal catalyst Nano-compounds Reaction mechanism

Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH | EID: 2-s2.0-85128837009

Investigation of crotonaldehyde adsorption on pure and Pd-decorated GaN nanotubes: A density functional theory study

2022

Jasim S.A.; Catalan Opulencia M.J.; Majdi A.; Yusupova D.Z.; Mustafa Y.F.; Hammid A.T.; Delir Kheirollahi Nezhad P.

Solid State Communications , Vol. 348-349

13 citations Retracted English ISSN: 00381098

Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Maarif University College, Al-Anbar-Ramadi, Iraq; College of Business Administration, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, Iraq; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases and Traumatology, Tashkent State Dental Institute, Makhtumkuli Street 103, Tashkent, 100047, Uzbekistan; Department of Scientific Affairs, Samarkand State Medical Institute, Amir Temur Street 18, Samarkand, Uzbekistan; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, 41001, Iraq; Computer Engineering Techniques Department, Faculty of Information Technology, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Chemistry, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran

The effect of Pd-decoration on the performance of a GaN nanotube (GaNNT) was investigated in detecting crotonaldehyde (CA) via density functional theory method. The interaction of the pure GaNNT with CA was weak, and the sensing response (SR) was approximately 4.2. The adsorption energy (Ead) of CA changed from −5.4 to −23.2 kcal/mol when a Pd atom was decorated onto the surface of the GaNNT and the SR increased to 94.3 as well. At 298 K, the recovery time for the desorption of CA from the Pd-decorated GaNNT surface was 8.0 s. Finally, the Pd-decorated GaNNT was found to be a promising sensor for CA with high sensitivity. © 2022

Keywords: Crotonaldehyde Density functional theory GaN nanotube Sensor

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 114741 | EID: 2-s2.0-85127351736

Effects of mining activities on Nano-soil management using artificial intelligence models of ANN and ELM

2022

Liu Q.; Peng K.; Zeng J.; Marzouki R.; Majdi A.; Jan A.; Salameh A.A.; Assilzadeh H.

Advances in Nano Research , Vol. 12 (6), pp. 549-566

11 citations Article English ISSN: 2287237X

School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Changsha Institute of Mining Research Co., LTD, Changsha, 410083, China; School of Traffic and Municipal Engineering, Chongqing Jianzhu College, Chongqing, 400072, China; Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Faculty of hospitality, Tourism and Wellness, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, City Campus, Kelantan, Kota Bharu, 16100, Malaysia; Department of Management Information Systems, College of Business Administration, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 165 Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600 077, India

Mining of ore minerals (sfalerite, cinnabar, and chalcopyrite) from the old mine has led in significant environmental effects as contamination of soils and plants and acidification of water. Also, nanoparticles (NP) have obtained global importance because of their widespread usage in daily life, unique properties, and rapid development in the field of nanotechnology. Regarding their usage in various fields, it is suggested that soil is the final environmental sink for NPs. Nanoparticles with excessive reactivity and deliverability may be carried out as amendments to enhance soil quality, mitigate soil contaminations, make certain secure land–software of the traditional change substances and enhance soil erosion control. Meanwhile, there's no record on the usage of Nano superior substances for mine soil reclamation. In this study, five soil specimens have been tested at 4 sites inside the region of mine (<100 m) to study zeolites, and iron sulfide nanoparticles. Also, through using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), this study has tried to appropriately estimate the mechanical properties of soil under the effect of these Nano particles. Considering the RMSE and R2 values, Zeolite Nano materials could enhance the mine soil fine through increasing the clay-silt fractions, increasing the water holding capacity, removing toxins and improving nutrient levels. Also, adding iron sulfide minerals to the soils would possibly exacerbate the soil acidity problems at a mining site. © 2022. Techno-Press, Ltd.

Keywords: Ann Artificial intelligence models Elm Management Mining activities Nano-soil Toxin

Techno-Press | EID: 2-s2.0-85134386238

Fundamental green roof performance of residential building in desert climate: In terms of sustainability and decrease in energy consumption

2022

Yuan J.; Patra I.; Majdi A.; Ketut Acwin Dwijendra N.; Jade Catalan Opulencia M.; Chetthamrongchai P.

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments , Vol. 53

11 citations Retracted English ISSN: 22131388

Hunan City University, China; Independent Researcher, NIT Durgapur, West Bengal, India; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al- Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University, Bali, 80361, Indonesia; Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand

In modern times, the majority of the world's energy consumption is attributable to the heating and cooling of residential buildings. Because of this, the development of sustainable energy sources has increased dramatically, particularly in residential buildings, with the goal of reducing the amount of energy that is consumed within buildings. An extensive green roof system is one of the most effective ways to save energy. Not only does this lessen the impact that humans have on their surroundings, but it also has positive effects on people's health and the way their homes look. The purpose of this study was to investigate the thermal characteristics of green roofs installed on residential buildings in Qatar's hot and dry climate in order to assess their viability and determine how best to minimize energy usage. In the course of this investigation, five distinct heights ranging from 10 to 50 cm were taken into consideration to assess the energy efficiency of the roof. Of these heights, the height of 10 cm was found to be the most suitable height for planting in this environment. In addition, in order to evaluate the performance of roof energy, five plant leaf area indices with values ranging from one to five have been taken into consideration. Of these, the results indicate that the plant leaf area index is the plant planting index that works best in this environment. The larger the plant's leaves, the more protection they will provide from the sun and the higher the yield will be. In addition, to evaluate the effectiveness of the roof energy system, four height dimensions of 8, 13, 18, and 23 cm were considered for the cultivation layer. According to the findings, the height of the plant substrate layer is 23 cm, and the height of the cultivation layer is 18 cm. The cultivation layer that yields the best results for green roofs in this environment. © 2022

Keywords: Energy efficiency Green building Green roof Sustainability

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 102574 | EID: 2-s2.0-85135947676

Electrochemical monitoring sensors of water pollution systems

2022

Zhang Z.; Liu H.; Wang Z.; Majdi A.; Wang G.; Salameh A.A.; Abdulkreem AL-Huqail A.; Ali H.E.

Food and Chemical Toxicology , Vol. 166

10 citations Article English ISSN: 02786915

Hebei Agricultural University, BaoDing Hebei, 071000, China; China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, BeiJing, 100038, China; Al- Mustaqbal University College, Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Department of Management Information Systems, College of Business Administration, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 165 Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O.Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia; Advanced Functional Materials & Optoelectronic Laboratory (AFMOL), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt

Analytical techniques as strong, precise, and expensive are necessary for monitoring food and water safety for contaminants, microorganisms, and allergies that might be harmful if used. Sudan dyes are commonly utilized as an ingredient in food dye substances and a variety of industrial items. These colors are classified as three carcinogens and are linked to liver and bladder cancers. They are not authorized for human consumption by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and are not permitted to be used by the Food Standards Agency or the European Union. This article describes electrochemical dye analysis beside the numerous electrochemical sensors utilized to identify these dyes as a food colorant and water. As a result, the qualities, chemistry, and toxicity of dyes as food colorants and industrial goods in Sudan have been investigated in this study. Sudan dyes have been thoroughly studied, and many electrochemical sensors have been developed to define and monitor these dyes in food colorants. As a result, current electrochemical sensors have been found to be neither mass-production nor cost-effective. Mostly, the synthesis of high-performance materials needs high knowledge, and the production of electrode surfaces is remained difficult due to labor-intensive and time-consuming activities. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd

Keywords: Dyes Electrochemical sensors Real samples Removing Sudan Water

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 113196 | EID: 2-s2.0-85132768218

The Numerical Analysis of Replenishment of Hydrogel Void Space Concrete Using Hydrogels Containing Nano-Silica Particles through ELM-ANFIS

2022

Min J.; Zandi Y.; Agdas A.S.; Majdi A.; Ali H.E.; Jan A.; Salameh A.A.; Ebid A.A.K.

Gels , Vol. 8 (5)

9 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 23102861

Chongqing Vocational Institute of Engineering, Chongqing, 650224, China; Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, 51579, Iran; Ghateh Gostar Novin Company, Tabriz, 51579, Iran; Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Advanced Functional Materials & Optoelectronic Laboratory (AFMOL), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt; Faculty of Hospitality, Tourism and Wellness, Universiti Malaysia, City Campus, Kelantan, Kota Bharu, 16100, Malaysia; Department of Management Information Systems, College of Business Administration, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia; Structural Engineering and Construction Management, Faculty of Engineering, Future University, Cairo, 11835, Egypt

Currently, Nano-materials are gaining popularity in the building industry due to their high performance in terms of sustainability and smart functionality. In order to reduce cement production and CO2 emissions, nano-silica (NS) has been frequently utilized as a cement alternative and concrete addition. The influence of Nano-silica-containing hydrogels on the mechanical strength, electrical resistivity, and autogenous shrinkage of cement pastes was investigated. The goal of this study was to identify the main structure–property relationships of water-swollen polymer hydrogel particles used as internal curing agents in cementitious admixtures, as well as to report a unique synthesis process to combine pozzolanic materials with hydrogel particles and determine the replenishment of hydrogel void space. Experiments were designed to measure the absorption capacity and kinetics of hydrogel particles immersed in pure water and cementitious pore solution, as well as to precisely analyze the data derived from the tests using hybridized soft computing models such as Extreme learning machine (ELM) and Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The models were developed, and the findings were measured using regression indices (RMSE and R2). The findings indicated that combining nano-silica with polymeric hydrogel particles creates a favorable environment for the pozzolanic reaction to occur, and that nano-silica assists in the refilling of hydrogel void space with hydrated cement phases. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Keywords: concrete ELM-ANFIS hydrogel nano-silica void space

MDPI | Art. 299 | EID: 2-s2.0-85130614476

Computational study of the effect of Fe-doping on the sensing characteristics of BC3 nano-sheet toward sulfur trioxide

2022

Altimari U.S.; Mireya Romero Parra R.; Ketut Acwin N.; Majdi A.; Kadhim M.M.; Alawsi T.; Suksatan W.; Ahmadi Peyghan F.

Computational and Theoretical Chemistry , Vol. 1215

8 citations Article English ISSN: 2210271X

Al-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq; Universidad Continental, Lima, Peru; Dwijendra, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University, Bali, 80361, Indonesia; Al- Mustaqbal University College, Iraq; Department of Dentistry, Kut University College, Wasit, Kut, 52001, Iraq; College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq; Department of Pharmacy, Osol Aldeen University College, Baghdad, Iraq; Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq; Faculty of Nursing, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Chemistry, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were undertaken to investigate the effect of Fe-doping on the capability of a graphene-like BC3 nano-sheet (Fe@BC3NS) in detecting the gas SO3. The interaction of the pure BC3NS with SO3 was a physisorption, showing that it could not be used as a sensor. However, there was a considerable increase in the sensitivity and reactivity of the BC3NS after Fe was replaced with B. The adsorption energy of SO3 increased from 7.9 to 23.3 kcal/mol after doping Fe into the surface of the BC3NS. Moreover, there was a reduction in the energy gap of Fe@BC3NS (∼-38.9%) after SO3 was adsorbed, which increased the electrical conductivity to a great extent. Therefore, we found that Fe-doping increased the sensitivity of the BC3NS to SO3 with a short recovery time of 9.5 s at room temperature. Our theoretical results further supported the fact that metal@BC3 nano-structures have widespread practical applications. © 2022

Keywords: Density functional theory Graphene-like BC<sub>3</sub> Nano-sheet Sensor Sulfur trioxide

Elsevier B.V. | Art. 113805 | EID: 2-s2.0-85135694335

Environmental and exergoeconomic assessments of a novel biomass gasification based solid oxide fuel cell and heat engine hybrid energy system

2022

Kumar Tripathi A.; Patra I.; Bharath Kumar N.; Majdi A.; Muda I.; Mahdavi A.

Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects , Vol. 44 (4), pp. 8490-8511

7 citations Article English ISSN: 15567036

Department of Mining Engineering, Aditya Engineering College, Surampalem, Andhra Pradesh, India; NIT, West Bengal, Durgapur, India; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vignan’s Foundation for Science Technology and Research, Guntur, India; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al- Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, Iraq; Department of Doctoral Program, Faculty Economic and Business, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran

Recently, the exploitation of renewable energies and technologies in order to reduce the restrictions of fossil fuels is the attention of energy managers and engineers. Additionally, energy production cycles based on solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are known for their versatility in fuel intake. In this regard, in the current article the thermodynamic-conceptual assessment of a novel combined energy system (CES) based on biomass gasification is developed. The proposed CES is comprised of four main units: a biomass gasification unit, a reformer fuel cell unit (based on SOFC), a waste heat recovery unit (WHRU), and an ignition engine (homogeneous charge compression type). The biomass gasification unit is considered as a fuel supply unit of proposed energy process. A larger fraction of CES electricity is produced through the fuel cell unit. Moreover, additional electric power is produced through the ignition engine (IE) unit. The combustible fuel for IE unit is obtained during the chemical reactions of the fuel cell unit. Further, the WHRU is responsible for the heat recovery of the fuel cell and IE units, which balances the thermal power of the process. Embedding of a unit to recover the heat of the fuel cell units and the engine can be improving the performance of the cycle. The main goal of the article is to provide a thermodynamic-conceptual evaluation of the system considering energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and environmental analysis to achieve a comprehensive feasibility study. According to the energy analysis, it was determined that the considered CES can produce around 1.09 MW of electricity and 0.36 MW of heat. Additionally, the values obtained for electrical and total energy efficiencies were 50.5% and 68.7%, respectively. The total exergy destroyed by the considered process and the total exergy efficiency were yielded as nearly 1.1 MW and 51.6%, respectively. Besides that, the specific cost rates of electric power yielded by fuel cell and IE units were almost 8.81 and 10.04 USD/GJ, indicating that the electric power produced through the fuel cell unit is a cheaper method. Moreover, compared to petroleum and coal-driven plants, the considered CES can reduce the amount of emitted CO2 by nearly 47.7% and 62.4%, respectively. © 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Keywords: Biomass gasification combined energy system environmental exergoeconomic ignition engine solid oxide fuel cell

Taylor and Francis Ltd. | EID: 2-s2.0-85137999066

Experimental Study on Lateral and Vertical Capacity of Piled Raft and Pile Group System in Sandy Soil

2022

Jamil I.; Ahmad I.; Ullah W.; Ahmad M.; Sabri M.M.S.; Majdi A.

Applied Sciences (Switzerland) , Vol. 12 (17)

6 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 20763417

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar (Bannu Campus), Bannu, 28100, Pakistan; Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251, Russian Federation; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq

In deep foundations, the pile group and the pile raft are generally used. To date, the contribution of the raft is not taken into account in the design, even when the raft is in contact with the soil and the whole system is therefore considered to work as a pile group foundation. In a combined pile raft system, the raft takes a considerable portion of the applied load, depending upon the number of piles, the spacing to diameter ratio of the piles, and the length to diameter ratio. In this paper, an experimental investigation is carried out to study the response of small-scale pile group and piled raft models with a varying number of piles subjected to both vertical and lateral loads. Additionally, the response mechanism of these models to both types of loads is also studied. A comparison was made between these models. It was found that, unlike the pile group, the piled raft provides considerably high stiffness to both types of loads, and the difference between the stiffness of both systems decreases as the number of piles increases. By comparing the response of the piled raft and the pile group with the same number of piles under the same vertical and lateral load, it was concluded that the piled raft response to the lateral and vertical loads was much stiffer than the pile group response. The lateral deflection and the vertical settlement of the piled raft were less than those of the pile group with the same pile configuration. This effective response of the piled raft to the vertical and lateral loads was due to the raft contribution in resisting the vertical and lateral loads. Moreover, with the increase in the number of piles, the vertical and lateral contribution of the raft decreases. © 2022 by the authors.

Keywords: contact pressure displacement lateral load pile group piled raft

MDPI | Art. 8853 | EID: 2-s2.0-85137932965

Dissolved Oxygen Variation on the Steps with a Quarter Circle End Sill for Flows over the Stepped Spillways

2022

Jahad U.A.; Al-Ameri R.; Chabuk A.; Majdi A.; Majdi H.Sh.; Al-Ansari N.; Laue J.

International Journal of Design and Nature and Ecodynamics , Vol. 17 (5), pp. 639-648

6 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 17557437

Department of Environment Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; School of Engineering, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, 3220, VIC, Australia; Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, SE-971 87, Sweden

Determining the aeration efficiency of the stepped spillways is important because the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentration helps indicate the water quality. This study investigated the effects of varying step shape and chute slope on the aeration efficiency for stepped spillways. The measured parameters were DO, the inception point of the free surface, and the water surface profile above the crest to evaluate the geometry variation impacts. Several experiments were conducted on a six-step configuration over a stepped spillway with chute angle (θ = 26.6°, 21.8°, and 8.9°). The discharges up to 0.055 m3/s. The step configurations were including flat step, normal end sill, and quarter circle end sill. The results showed when the chute angle changed from 26.6°to 8.9°, the aeration efficiency of E20 improved with 11.51% at the lowest discharge and 6.05% at the highest discharge for the flat step model with 10 steps. Also, E20 improved 11.39% at the lowest discharge and 6.50% at the highest discharge for the flat step model with 6 steps. The performance of the steps with the quarter circle end sill model in terms of aeration efficiency increased by 10%. © 2022 WITPress. All rights reserved.

Keywords: dissolved flow oxygen spillway stepped

International Information and Engineering Technology Association | EID: 2-s2.0-85143141423

Modeling for converting liquid NEPCM to solid phase with involving nano-powders

2022

Qi Z.; Majdi A.; Basem A.; Saad H.A.; Hussin A.M.; Alawee W.H.

Case Studies in Thermal Engineering , Vol. 39

5 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 2214157X

School of Mathematics and Information Science, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China; Department of Building and Construction Technologies Engineering, Al- Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Air Conditioning Engineering Dep., Faculty of Engineering, Warith Al-Anbiyaa University, Iraq; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia; Department of Mathematics, Al-Aflaj College of Science and Humanities Studies, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz, Al-Aflaj, 710-11912, Saudi Arabia; Control and Systems Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq

The new code has been developed for simulating the freezing of nanomaterial with water base PCM. This code was based on Galerkin approach and style of grid depends on position of solid first layer. The two surfaces have been maintained at cold temperature and fins have been mounted to increase the space of cold area. The single phase techniques for deriving the properties of nanomaterial were developed. As powders were applied, the needed time augments from maximum value (1390s) to minimum value (11038.49s). This means that with selecting the powders with shape factor of 8.6, the freezing time declines about 25.28%. Besides, changing shape can reduce the time about 6.27%. As fraction increases to twice value, the speed of process increases around 12.93%. © 2022 The Authors.

Keywords: Double cold source Galerkin method Nanomaterial NEPCM Solidification

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 102462 | EID: 2-s2.0-85140464893

Evaluation of Existing Bond-Slip Relations for CFRP-Steel Joints and New Model for Linear and Nonlinear Adhesives

2022

Altaee M.J.; Altayee S.A.S.; Kadhim M.M.A.; Jawdhari A.; Majdi A.; Chabuk A.; Al-Ansari N.

Advances in Civil Engineering , Vol. 2022

4 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 16878086

Environmental Research and Studies Centre, University of Babylon, Hilla, Iraq; Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada; Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Department of Environment Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, 97187, Sweden

Existing bond-slip (τ-s) relations for fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP)-steel joints employ different shapes and mathematical expressions, inferring that their predictions of failure load and mode, and other interface properties, might be inconsistent or inaccurate. In this study, predictions of four widely used τ-s relations are evaluated using a large experimental database of 78 double-lap FRP-steel specimens. To facilitate the evaluation process, a robust finite element (FE) model is developed for each test, implementing data from either of the existing τ-s relations to define the FRP-steel interface. Comparisons between test and FE results indicated that the existing τ-s models were unable of predicting the ultimate load (Pu) and effective bond length (Leff) of FRP-steel joints, or the relation between Pu and bond length and that between Leff and FRP modulus (Ef). A new τ-s model is developed based on an inverse FE simulation, comparison with experimental results, and regression analysis. It considers the effects of Ef, the type of FRP reinforcement (sheet or plate), and applies to both linear and nonlinear adhesives. The model predictions were validated by comparing with results from small bond tests and large FRP-strengthened steel beams tested under bending, yielding excellent results for Pu, failure mode, and all other interfacial properties. © 2022 Mohammed J. Altaee et al.

Hindawi Limited | Art. 3673438 | EID: 2-s2.0-85135282991

Ensembles of neural network with stochastic optimization algorithms in predicting concrete tensile strength

2022

Hu J.; Dong F.; Qiu Y.; Xi L.; Majdi A.; Ali E.

Steel and Composite Structures , Vol. 45 (2), pp. 205-218

3 citations Article English ISSN: 12299367

School of urban construction, Zhejiang Shuren University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310015, China; College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210037, China; Poly Changda Engineering Co., Ltd., Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510620, China; CCCC First Highway Survey, Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shaanxi, Xi’an, 710075, China; Department of Building and Construction Technologies Engineering, Al- Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Advanced Functional Materials & Optoelectronic Laboratory (AFMOL), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt

Proper calculation of splitting tensile strength (STS) of concrete has been a crucial task, due to the wide use of concrete in the construction sector. Following many recent studies that have proposed various predictive models for this aim, this study suggests and tests the functionality of three hybrid models in predicting the STS from the characteristics of the mixture components including cement compressive strength, cement tensile strength, curing age, the maximum size of the crushed stone, stone powder content, sand fine modulus, water to binder ratio, and the ratio of sand. A multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network incorporates invasive weed optimization (IWO), cuttlefish optimization algorithm (CFOA), and electrostatic discharge algorithm (ESDA) which are among the newest optimization techniques. A dataset from the earlier literature is used for exploring and extrapolating the STS behavior. The results acquired from several accuracy criteria demonstrated a nice learning capability for all three hybrid models viz. IWO-MLP, CFOA-MLP, and ESDA-MLP. Also in the prediction phase, the prediction products were in a promising agreement (above 88%) with experimental results. However, a comparative look revealed the ESDA-MLP as the most accurate predictor. Considering mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) index, the error of ESDA-MLP was 9.05%, while the corresponding value for IWO-MLP and CFOA-MLP was 9.17 and 13.97%, respectively. Since the combination of MLP and ESDA can be an effective tool for optimizing the concrete mixture toward a desirable STS, the last part of this study is dedicated to extracting a predictive formula from this model. Copyright © 2022 Techno-Press, Ltd.

Keywords: geotechnical engineering metaheuristic optimizers neural network slope stability soft computing

Techno-Press | EID: 2-s2.0-85168309085

A cascade energy cycle based on solid oxide fuel cell with electric energy storage option

2022

Sivaraman R.; Bharath Kumar N.; Majdi A.; Emad Izzat S.; Muda I.; Molana A.

Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects , Vol. 44 (4), pp. 8591-8610

3 citations Article English ISSN: 15567036

Mathematics, Dwaraka Doss Goverdhan Doss Vaishnav College, Arumbakkam, University of Madras, Chennai, India; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vignan’s Foundation for Science Technology and Research, Guntur, India; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al- Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, Iraq; Al-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Doctoral Program, Faculty Economic and Business, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Recently, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have been known as a popular technology due to their versatility in fuel intake, carbon-free process, and scalability in various applications. Besides that, the utilization of their exhaust heat in cascade cycles improves the process behavior by increasing the energy production rate. From the literature, gas turbines (GTs) are typically utilized as the downstream cycle of SOFCs. However, thermionic generators (TIGs) can be integrated with SOFCs in order to utilization the released heat to produce more electric power. TIGs can be more reliable and stable compared to GTs. Moreover, TIG’s environmental pollution is significantly lower than GTs. On the other hand, thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are devices that require lower grade heat compared to TIGs. In this study, a conceptual-evaluation study of a SOFC-based cascade cycle integrated with TIG and TEG is presented and discussed under the effective parameters. The introduced cascade system is able to produce electric power to meet consumer demand. In this regard, by using SOFC, the chemical energy of hydrogen is converted into electric power and excess heat under electrochemical reactions. By directing waste heat first to TIG and then to TEG, more electric power is yielded during two processes. Further, when the consumer does not need electricity, electric energy is stored by the hybrid pumped hydro and compressed air system (PHCAS) for later utilization. Therefore, the energy structure introduced in the current article suggests a new arrangement and configuration for electrical energy generation and storage. The outcomes of simulation revealed that the considered structure can produce nearly 3.9 kWh of electric energy per day. The energy efficiency of the system in such a context is almost 69.6%. Moreover, 16.12 moles of hydrogen gas (as fuel of SOFC) are required per hour. Additionally, PHCAS with a volume of nearly 2.98 m3 is required to store electrical energy. Also, improving the storage performance depends on the use of efficient storage equipment and setting the initial pressure in values close to the peak point. © 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Keywords: electricity production energy storage Solid oxide fuel cell thermionic generator thermoelectric generator

Taylor and Francis Ltd. | EID: 2-s2.0-85138212059

Application of Polyacrylic Hydrogel in Durability and Reduction of Environmental Impacts of Concrete through ANN

2022

Peng K.; Wu L.; Zandi Y.; Agdas A.S.; Majdi A.; Denic N.; Zakić A.; Khalek Ebid A.A.; Khadimallah M.A.; Ali H.E.

Gels , Vol. 8 (8)

2 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 23102861

School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Bureau Public Works of Shenzhen Municipality, Shenzhen, 518031, China; Department of Civil Engineering, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, 51579, Iran; Ghateh Gostar Novin Company, Tabriz, 51579, Iran; Department of Building and Construction Technologies Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Priština, Kosovska Mitrovica, 38220, Serbia; Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, ALFA BK University, Belgrade, 11070, Serbia; Structural Engineering and Construction Management, Faculty of Engineering, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, 11745, Egypt; Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 16273, Saudi Arabia; Laboratory of Systems and Applied Mechanics, Polytechnic School of Tunisia, University of Carthage, Tunis, 1054, Tunisia; Advanced Functional Materials & Optoelectronic Laboratory (AFMOL), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt

While adding superabsorbent polymer hydrogel particles to fresh concrete admixtures, they act as internal curing agents that absorb and then release large amounts of water and reduce self-desiccation and volumetric shrinkage of cement that finally result in hardened concrete with increased durability and strength. The entrainment of microscopic air bubbles in the concrete paste can substantially improve the resistance of concrete. When the volume and distribution of entrained air are adequately managed, the microstructure is protected from the pressure produced by freezing water. This study addresses the design and application of hydrogel nanoparticles as internal curing agents in concrete, as well as new findings on crucial hydrogel–ion interactions. When mixed into concrete, hydrogel particles produce their stored water to power the curing reaction, resulting in less volumetric shrinkage and cracking and thereby prolonging the service life of concrete. The mechanical and swelling performance qualities of the hydrogel are very sensitive to multivalent cations found naturally in concrete mixes, such as aluminum and calcium. The interactions between hydrogel nanoparticles and alkaline cementitious mixes are described in this study, while emphasizing how the chemical structure and shape of the hydrogel particles regulate swelling behavior and internal curing efficiency to eliminate voids in the admixture. Moreover, in this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) was utilized to precisely and quickly analyze the test results of the compressive strength and durability of concrete. The addition of multivalent cations reduced swelling capacity and changed swelling kinetics, resulting in fast deswelling behavior and the creation of a mechanically stiff shell in certain hydrogel compositions. Notably, when hydrogel particles were added to a mixture, they reduced shrinkage while encouraged the creation of particular inorganic phases within the void area formerly held by the swelled particle. © 2022 by the authors.

Keywords: concrete ELM-ANFIS hydrogel nano-silica void space

MDPI | Art. 468 | EID: 2-s2.0-85137391971

Compare and evaluate the performance of structural flood risk management options

2022

Dwijendra N.K.A.; Majdi A.

Journal of Water and Land Development , Vol. 54, pp. 172-176

1 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 14297426

Udayana University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Architecture, Bali, 80361, Indonesia; Al-Mustaqbal University College, Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Hilla, Iraq

One of the most important natural phenomena that causes harmful damage around the world is the occurrence of sudden and severe floods. There are various solutions to deal with floods. Among the structural measures of flood risk management, we can mention the construction of levee, detention basin, channel modification, and a combination of the mentioned measures. Manafwa is a flood-prone area in Uganda currently protected by a 6.6 m high levee. Unfortunately, the existing levee does not have ideal performance, and the probability of failure is very high. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to compare seven flood management measures in the flood-prone area of Manafwa and to select the best flood risk management proposal. These management measures are: 1) construction of a levee with a height of 6.5 m, 2) construction of a levee with a height of 7 m, 3) construction of a levee with a height of 7.5 m, 4) construction of a levee with a height of 8 m, 5) channel modification, 6) detention basin and 7) a combination of structural measures of channel modification and detention basin. The results show that although building a levee with a height of 8 m is more expensive than other options, but it reduces the expected annual flood damage to about USD30.5 thous. © 2021. The Authors. Published by Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) and Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute (ITP – PIB).

Keywords: annual expected damage assurance flood risk management

Polish Academy of Sciences Publishing House | EID: 2-s2.0-85139757942

A case study on development of thermodynamic entropy measuring device and its implication on the human body

2022

Pandiaraj S.; Govindasamy K.; Pandey A.; Sonawane C.; Alrubaie A.J.; Majdi A.; Mohamed M.A.; Jaber M.M.; Muthusamy S.; Panchal H.

Case Studies in Thermal Engineering , Vol. 37

1 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 2214157X

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kongu Engineering College (Autonomous), Perundurai, Tamil Nadu, Erode, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology (Autonomous), Sathyamangalam, Tamil Nadu, Erode, India; Mechanical Engineering Dept, Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Symbiosis International, Deemed University, Pune, India; Department of Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering, Al- Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al- Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, 51001, Iraq; Department of Medical Instruments Engineering Techniques, Al-Turath University College, Baghdad, 10021, Iraq; College of Medical Science Technologies, University of Mashreq, Baghdad, 10021, Iraq; Department of Medical Instruments Engineering Techniques, Dijlah University College, Baghdad, 10021, Iraq; Department of Medical Instruments Engineering Techniques, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, 10021, Iraq; Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Kongu Engineering College (Autonomous), Perundurai, Tamil Nadu, Erode, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Gujarat, Patan, India

In the field of thermodynamics, entropy is a measure of the degree of disorder of the system considered focus. The direct measurement of entropy for microscopic systems involving molecule-level variations exists. However, for a macroscopic system, it still remains a challenge. The temperature reading is used as the primary index for understanding the quality of heat. In certain applications, the induced errors in the temperature measurement create complexity in decision making. One such case is the measurement of human body temperature for fever-like symptoms. This research aims to develop a direct entropy measuring device to indicate heat transfer for macroscopic systems. The developed device measured the mean entropy of the human body as 0.042 and 0.146 kJ/K during the daytime and nighttime, respectively. In comparison to the simulated entropy values, the measured values differed by 4% during the trials on the human body. Key decisions on macroscopic systems based on mild temperature variations can be made confidently with the measured entropy values. © 2022 The Authors.

Keywords: Body temperature Entropy measurement Environment-induced errors Infrared Thermodynamics

Elsevier Ltd | Art. 102229 | EID: 2-s2.0-85134658145

Creating the Distribution Map of Groundwater for Drinking Uses Using Physio-Chemical Variables; Case Study: Al-Hilla City, Iraq

2022

Chabuk A.; Jahad U.A.; Majdi A.; Isam M.; Al-Ansari N.; SH. Majdi H.; Laue J.; Abed S.A.

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution , Vol. 233 (6)

1 citations Article Open Access English ISSN: 00496979

Department of Environment Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Hillah, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Research and Studies Unit, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Babil, 51001, Iraq; Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, 971 87, Sweden; Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; College of Science, Al-Öqadisyah University, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq

Surface water and groundwater are significant for population and other activities due to the decreasing surface water flow toward Iraq. Therefore, there is a need to analyze groundwater’s quality and classification and its applicability as an alternative in various human activities in the study area. This study utilized the groundwater quality index model for drinking uses (GW.Q.I.) and entered the resulting values in the GIS environment. This model was applied to 56 wells in Al-Hillah city by measuring twelve variables in each well. The measured variables were calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), sulfate (SO4), bicarbonate (HCO3), total hardness (TH), total dissolved solids (TDS), nitrate (NO3), and electric conductivity (EC). The prediction map of GW.Q.I. was produced in the GIS. Then, the distributing map was divided into six categories based on the suitability of groundwater for drinking uses. The areas’ values of six categories with their ratings were about 5 km2 (excellent), 122 km2 (good), 610 km2 (poor), 63 km2 (very poor), 36 km2 (contaminated), and 24 km2 (very contaminated). For the entire study area, the average value of the GW.Q.I. was 177, classified as poor for drinking uses. © 2022, The Author(s).

Keywords: Distributing map Drinking uses GIS Groundwater quality index

Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH | Art. 218 | EID: 2-s2.0-85131636675

Ensembles of neural network with stochastic optimization algorithms in predicting concrete tensile strength

2022

Hu J.; Dong F.; Qiu Y.; Xi L.; Majdi A.; Ali E.

Structural Engineering and Mechanics , Vol. 45 (2), pp. 205-218

Article English ISSN: 12254568

School of urban construction, Zhejiang Shuren University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310015, China; College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210037, China; Poly Changda Engineering Co., Ltd., Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510620, China; CCCC First Highway Survey, Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shaanxi, Xi’an, 710075, China; Department of Building and Construction Technologies Engineering, Al- Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq; Advanced Functional Materials & Optoelectronic Laboratory (AFMOL), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt

Proper calculation of splitting tensile strength (STS) of concrete has been a crucial task, due to the wide use of concrete in the construction sector. Following many recent studies that have proposed various predictive models for this aim, this study suggests and tests the functionality of three hybrid models in predicting the STS from the characteristics of the mixture components including cement compressive strength, cement tensile strength, curing age, the maximum size of the crushed stone, stone powder content, sand fine modulus, water to binder ratio, and the ratio of sand. A multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network incorporates invasive weed optimization (IWO), cuttlefish optimization algorithm (CFOA), and electrostatic discharge algorithm (ESDA) which are among the newest optimization techniques. A dataset from the earlier literature is used for exploring and extrapolating the STS behavior. The results acquired from several accuracy criteria demonstrated a nice learning capability for all three hybrid models viz. IWO-MLP, CFOA-MLP, and ESDA-MLP. Also in the prediction phase, the prediction products were in a promising agreement (above 88%) with experimental results. However, a comparative look revealed the ESDA-MLP as the most accurate predictor. Considering mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) index, the error of ESDA-MLP was 9.05%, while the corresponding value for IWO-MLP and CFOA-MLP was 9.17 and 13.97%, respectively. Since the combination of MLP and ESDA can be an effective tool for optimizing the concrete mixture toward a desirable STS, the last part of this study is dedicated to extracting a predictive formula from this model. Copyright © 2022 Techno-Press, Ltd.

Keywords: geotechnical engineering metaheuristic optimizers neural network slope stability soft computing

Techno-Press | EID: 2-s2.0-85142332335

Determining rock fracture toughness Mode-I using a pulsed laser scanning during the crack propagation

2022

Tan Y.; Zeng J.; Chen Q.; Majdi A.; Khadimallah M.A.; Ali H.E.

International Journal of Energy Research , Vol. 46 (15), pp. 20950-20959

Article English ISSN: 0363907X

School of Energy Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, China; School of Traffic and Municipal Engineering, Chongqing Jianzhu College, Chongqing, China; School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Building and Construction Technologies Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, Iraq; College of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Advanced Functional Materials & Optoelectronic Laboratory (AFMOL), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia

The investigation of the rock massifs' cracking is a crucial step in characterizing rocks since it greatly affects their mechanical behavior. In this study, large rock core samples (70 mm) were subjected to temperatures as high as 750°C and pressures as high as 50 MPa, and a novel ultrafast time-resolution technique on the basis of a pulsed laser was used to examine the mode-I crack propagation properties and fracture toughness measurements. The research examines metric properties, including roughness and averages crack-to-crack lengths, as well as the direction and angle at which fractures collapse. Single-edge specimens obtained using the 3D Laser Sintering methods were used in this case for the experimental testing. The mode-I fracture toughness (Formula presented.)) was calculated through asymmetric and symmetric four-point bending tests. In order to gain the 3D coordinates of the important reference points in a rock face, lines of sight must be mathematically crossed by capturing photos from at least two distinct angles. The complete rock surface is then produced using automatic 3D laser scanning equipment to create the 3D coordinates. The Mode-I fracture of the samples was discovered to consist of repetitive crack initiation, and arrest based on the full-automatic technique. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Keywords: crack fracture laser scanning picosecond pulsed laser rock fracture toughness rock mechanic

John Wiley and Sons Ltd | EID: 2-s2.0-85139510606

2021

4 papers

Early properties of concrete with alkali-activated fly ash as partial cement replacement

2021

Assi L.N.; Majdi A.; Alhamadani Y.; Ziehl P.

Proceedings of Institution of Civil Engineers: Construction Materials , Vol. 174 (1), pp. 13-20

13 citations Article English ISSN: 1747650X

Department of Research and Scientific Studies, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Iraq; Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Iraq; Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States

Cement manufacture is one of the reasons for society's increasing carbon dioxide footprint. The development of a sustainable construction material is therefore needed to replace Portland cement fully or partially in building construction applications. Geopolymer concrete is a sustainable cementitious material, which is claimed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and utilise waste materials such as fly ash, metakaolin and blast-furnace slag. Fly-ash-based geopolymer concrete with an activating solution of a mixture of silica fume, sodium hydroxide and water was investigated. Four Portland cement replacement weight ratios (0%, 5%, 10% and 15% by weight of fly ash) were studied. The effects of the Portland cement replacement on the early geopolymerisation process, compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio were investigated. Acoustic emission monitoring results showed that the early geopolymerisation process was enhanced when Portland cement replacement was increased. The compressive strength and modulus of elasticity were significantly increased when the Portland cement ratio increased, while Poisson's ratio was adversely affected. © 2020 ICE Publishing: All rights reserved.

Keywords: concrete structures materials technology sustainability

ICE Publishing | EID: 2-s2.0-85100951103

Evaluation of seismic damage to Iraqi educational reinforced concrete building using FEMA P-58 methodology

2021

Majdi A.; Vacareanu R.

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science , Vol. 664 (1)

11 citations Conference paper Open Access English ISSN: 17551307

Al-Mustaqbal University College: Civil Engineering Al- Hilla, Babylon, Iraq; Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest, Romania

The building seismic performance assessment can be defined as a posterior phase of investigation in which a detailed analysis is executed in order to evaluation of seismic damages and quantify the sequences of the earthquake for a building, this approach could be probabilistic evaluation or deterministic one. The aim of this paper is to perform seismic damage evaluation for educational multi-storey reinforced Concrete Building in Al-Mustaqbal University College (MUC) in Al-Hilla City, Babylon governorate in the middle of Iraq by using FEMA P-58 methodology. A 3D mathematical modelling, pushover analysis by using SeismoStruct software. In addition, incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) and fragility curve according to FEMA P-58 are developed in order to obtain damage limits in term of performance levels of the case study building. Fragility curves are useful tools for showing the probability of structural damage due to earthquakes as a function of ground motion indices. IDA is performed for those simulated building using twelve ground motions with scaling peak ground acceleration increased every 0.1g until it achieved 1.5g to determine the drift capacity of the building in four performance levels, operational (OP), immediate occupancy (IO), life safety (LS) and near collapse (NC) as defined in FEMA P-58. Based on those capacities, fragility curves were developed in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA) and elastic spectral displacement for drift levels with lognormal distribution assumption. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

IOP Publishing Ltd | Art. 012110 | EID: 2-s2.0-85106436877

Analysis of Relationship between Design and Implementation Stages within Construction Projects in Iraq

2021

Hussein A.A.; Majdi A.; Alsodani Z.A.; Vacareanu R.

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science , Vol. 664 (1)

9 citations Conference paper Open Access English ISSN: 17551307

Al-Mustaqbal University College: Civil Engineering Al- Hilla, Babylon, Iraq; Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest, Romania

Within last years, construction projects have quickly accelerated in both number and size. This study deals with some of effects of performance management and its outputs from service and cost viewing. By focusing on the relationship between the two main stages in construction projects, that is the design and implementing stages, the research is going on using method of questionnaire survey including four main factors: the state of design process, the state of implementing process, the state of interaction between the two stages (design and implementation) and the state of problems resulted during and after construction. A questionnaire was distributed into 50 construction projects and the data are collected and analysed through SPSS. The results have shown that there is a weak relationship between design and construction stages in local construction projects. Research showed also that it could not be claimed that this situation (weakness of the interaction of stages) is responsible of defects in the performance of these projects, which in turn results in service and cost problems. Interpreting for this situation was that the results reflected the weakness in the actual management performance in the local construction projects. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

IOP Publishing Ltd | Art. 012069 | EID: 2-s2.0-85106429445

Earthquake loss estimation for an educational reinforced concrete building by using FEMA P-58 methodology

2021

Majdi A.; Isa Said A.; Vacareanu R.; Obied W.

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science , Vol. 664 (1)

2 citations Conference paper Open Access English ISSN: 17551307

Al-Mustaqbal University College: Civil Engineering Al-Hilla, Babylon, Iraq; Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest, Romania; Civil Engineering Department, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

The costs of damages in both social and economic aspects are increased as a result of several significant earthquakes worldwide, the economic and social losses are a function of damage of the buildings because the buildings are vulnerable to earthquake damage [1]. In this study a probabilistic methodology FEMA P-58 is applied for seismic performance assessment for Iraqi educational reinforced concrete building in order to calculate the performance in terms of two aspects, the first one is the direct economic losses which include repair costs and repair time and the second one is social losses which include casualties and injuries. This methodology is prepared by ATC, the American Applied Technology Council and its prepared for Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in 2012. The study is a continuation of other research papers related to applying the same method to the same building that the researcher undertook for the purpose of evaluating the performance of the building when exposed to earthquake and calculating the losses resulting from these damages by choosing different aspects of each research in terms of the method of simplified analysis or the calculation of damages and losses. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

IOP Publishing Ltd | Art. 012068 | EID: 2-s2.0-85106430178

2019

3 papers

State of art regarding to quantify the consequences associated with building response to an earthquake shaking

2019

Majdi A.; Vǎcǎreanu R.S.

E3S Web of Conferences , Vol. 85

2 citations Conference paper Open Access English ISSN: 22671242

Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest, 122-124 Lacul Tei Bvd., Bucharest, Romania; Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq

Earthquake loss estimation (ELE) refers to the analysis and study of the possible effects of an earthquake in a region or population and quantifies the consequences of the earthquake. The objective of this study is to provide an insight into earthquake loss estimation for the most common approaches by seeking to survey the current methodologies for quantifying the earthquakes' negative effects. Naturally, peoples search about desirable approaches to estimate of earthquakes costs and losses which are not predetermined to subsist as usual. Other issues related to those approaches are endeavor to achieve the state of art to quantify the earthquakes consequences, the aspects of a building's response to earthquake. The aspects that will be characterized in this research are: 1) Input data like building information (Structure system, location, occupation, etc.), earthquake hazard; 2) Analysis methods; 3) Output data. ELE methods are categorized in different ways depending on one or more parameter. ELE approaches into two groups (1-a shocked building stock in a specific city or settlement, 2-specific building or structure). The varying and common use have been observed when selecting the approaches of this research. The methods and tools that used in the exploration include QLARM, SELENA, ELER, HAZUS, SLAT and FEMA P-58. © 2019 The Authors.

EDP Sciences | Art. 08010 | EID: 2-s2.0-85062418691

Identify the limit states of hashazini dam by applying incremental dynamic analysis

2019

Majdi A.; Rahman A.J.

World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering

1 citations Conference paper Open Access English ISSN: 23715294

Al-Mustaqbal University College, Al-Najaf Street, Hilla, Iraq; Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

The aim of this paper is to develop the Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) for existing gravity dam (Hashazini dam) which located in the north of Iraq. The incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) is presented in this paper in order to determine the limit states and capacity of a gravity dam. In order to achieve this target, a series of ground motions are applied to a dam immediately one after other with increasing the intensity levels, that leads to change the behaviour of the dam from elastic situation to inelastic one and lastly causes collapse. In this paper seven ground motions considered as input data for nonlinear analysis, these records are depend on real earthquake worldwide. For the analysis purpose, the Hashazini dam has been chosen as a case study with developing of IDA curves and identifying performance level in case of single ground motion and for repeated ground motions. Incremental dynamic analyses (IDA) were performed for those simulated dams using seven artificial ground motions with scaling peak ground acceleration (PGA) increased by a 0.3g until it achieved 2.2g to determine the drift capacity of the dam in Service state limit SLS and ultimate state limit ULS. However, this paper was used ANSYS simulation to investigate the effect of earthquake shaking on the Hashazini dam and the weakness of the dam body. © 2019, Avestia Publishing.

Keywords: Earthquake Hashazini dam Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) Sulaymaniyah

Avestia Publishing | Art. 116 | EID: 2-s2.0-85082711919

Evaluation of line of balance method in view of hidden idle times and their costs (case study: Housing units in Iraq)

2019

Hussein A.A.; Majdi A.

World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering

Conference paper Open Access English ISSN: 23715294

Al-Mustaqbal University College, Al-Najaf Street, Hilla, Iraq

This study is dealing with scheduling of repetitive construction projects by using Line of Balance (LOB) method and taking a construction project as a case study. The project is consisting of 100 identical housing units. LOB is used in scheduling repetitive construction projects and it is suitable for medium to long-range scheduling. It is resource-based technique. This means ensuring continuity of work and efficient use of resources. The optimum number of crews is selected so that all crews will perform the same number of units in the same period of time. This approach is essentially the line of balance concept. It is shown in this study that the LOB method is easy method in scheduling repetitive projects in that it is easy to obtain graphically the needed data such as start or finish of each activity. The disadvantage of LOB method is that there is a need to adjust the resulted graph to take in account delays in start times resulting from several reasons. One reason is to take in account the differences between the numbers of units assigned to the work gangs. Another is to take in account the constraint of continuity. Making these adjustments leads to additional costs resulted from hidden idle times and from lengthening the duration of the whole project. One of the main objectives in scheduling repetitive projects is to minimize idle times that is to make resources working without many interruptions. In this study the resulting cost from adjustment reached about 4% from the total cost of the project. There is ability to make an alternative LOB graph that has compressed work and gets less period and less cost of project in the same time. Further research work is recommended to get such LOB scheduling. © 2019, Avestia Publishing.

Keywords: Critical path method (CPM) Direct costs Idle times Indirect costs Line of balance (LOB) Repetitive projects Scheduling

Avestia Publishing | Art. 118 | EID: 2-s2.0-85082683846

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